John Lambe

John Lambe (or Lamb) (born c. 1545; died June 13, 1628) was an English astrologer who served George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, during the early 17th century. Accused of black magic and rape, he was stoned to death by an unruly mob in London.

Background

Little is known abut Lambe’s early life, aside from the fact he was a writing tutor for children in Worcestershire [ Davies, Owen. "Cunning Folk Gallery" [http://www.karisgarden.com/cunningfolk/gallery.htm http://www.karisgarden.com/cunningfolk/gallery.htm] . 2003. ] . By the early 1600s, however, Lambe had established a reputation as a “cunning man” – that is, someone well-versed in astrology and magic. Calling himself “Doctor Lambe” (though he was not a licensed physician [Gillepsie, Charles G. "Physick and Philosophy: A Study of the Influence of the College of Physicians of London upon the Foundation of the Royal Society". "The Journal of Modern History". 1947. p. 212. (In 1627, Lambe actually failed an examination from the College of Physicians). ] ), he claimed that he could read fortunes, identify diseases, repel witchcraft, and locate missing or stolen items with his crystal ball. Rumors also emerged that he was skilled in the dark art of conjuration [ Amundsen, Karin. "The Duke’s Devil and Doctor Lambe’s Darling: A Case Study of the Modern Witch in Early Modern England". "Psi Sigma Historical Journal". Volume 2 (Winter 2004). p. 46. ] . Records indicate that he charged approximately 40 to 50 pounds for his services, and he was active in the London-area from approximately 1608 to 1628 ["John Lambe". British History Online. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=17606 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=17606] . 2004 ] .

Sometime before 1625, Lambe attracted the attention of George Villiers, a favorite of King Charles I, and he eventually became the Duke’s personal adviser. Public opinion of Lambe was roughly split into two camps: those who thought the “doctor” was a nothing more than a quack, and those who believed he actually had magical abilities. The latter referred to Lambe as “the Duke’s Devil,” and they suspected he was exerting a supernatural influence over Villiers, who in turn influenced King Charles. At the time, Charles was particularly unpopular for his questionable military campaigns and absolutist policies, and a popular chant went as follows:

:::"Who rules the Kingdom? The King.":::"Who rules the King? The Duke.":::"Who rules the Duke? The Devil!" [ Amundsen, Karin. The Duke’s Devil and Doctor Lambe’s Darling: A Case Study of the Modern Witch in Early Modern England. Psi Sigma Historical Journal. Volume 2 (Winter 2004). p. 51. ]

Allegations and execution

Over time, many Londoners came forward with their own unusual anecdotes attesting to Lambe’s "demonic" nature. Some claimed that he had struck political foes with impotence, and others blamed him for a 1626 whirlwind along the Thames which allegedly unearthed corpes in a churchyard [ibid.] . One of the strangest accounts is recorded in Richard Baxter’s 1691 "Certainty of the World of Spirits". According to this story, Lambe once invited an audience into an inner room of his house, where he demonstrated his powers by conjuring a miniature tree and three miniature woodsmen, who chopped it down. One man allegedly gathered woodchips from the tree as evidence, but the pieces attracted violent storms to his house, and he soon disposed of them [Shepard, Leslie. "Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology". Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1978. ] . Skeptics continued to scoff at such accounts, dismissing Lambe as “a notable mountebank and impostor” ["John Lambe". British History Online. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=17606 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=17606] . 2004. ] , but many others were firmly convinced that Lambe was a dangerous magician.

Frightened Londoners made several attempts to punish Lambe for black magic, but due to the influence of Charles and Villiers, their campaigns were mostly ineffective [ Amundsen, Karin. "The Duke’s Devil and Doctor Lambe’s Darling: A Case Study of the Modern Witch in Early Modern England". Psi Sigma Historical Journal. Volume 2 (Winter 2004). ] . In 1627, however, Lambe was accused of raping an eleven-year old girl named Joan Seager, and he promptly received the death penalty. With the help of his political connections, he was able to postone the execution for several months [ ibid. ] . Eventually, though, angry and fearful Londoners became tired of Lambe’s special treatment, and on June 13, 1628, an unruly mob stoned him to death as he exited a theater. No one was punished for the murder, and less than two months later, Villiers was killed, as well.

In 1653, four years after Charles I died, Lambe’s ex-servant Anne Bodenham was also hanged for witchcraft. According to rumors at the time, she could summon demons and transform herself into a dog, lion, bear, wolf, or monkey ["Witchcraft, Demonology, and Inquisition". [http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/witchcraft/w-england16&17/w-england16.htm http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/witchcraft/w-england16&17/w-england16.htm ] .] .

Lambe in literature

Lambe’s life and death inspired a fair amount of literary output. An anonymous biography of the astrologer, "A Brief Description of the Notorious Life of John Lambe", was published in 1628, and a play, "Dr. Lamb and the Witches". was released in 1634. ["Early Modern Plays in London". [http://www.columbia.edu/~tdk3/date.html http://www.columbia.edu/~tdk3/date.html] .] . In addition, multiple songs and poems were produced about the astrologer, such as “An Epitaph on Dr. Lambe”:

:::"Here Dr Lambe, the conjurer lyes,":::"Against his will untimely dies":::"The Divell did show himselfe a Glutton":::"In taking this Lambe before he was a mutton":::"The Divell in Hell will rost him there":::"Whom the prentises basted here.":::"In Hell they wondred when he came":::"To see among the Goats a Lambe" ["Early Stuart Libels: Buckingham at War" [http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/buckingham_at_war_section/Oiii6.html http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/buckingham_at_war_section/Oiii6.html] ] .

Accounts of Lambe’s life would also appear in later writings, such as Isaac D'Israeli’s "Curiosities of Literature" and Sir Walter Scott’s "Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft".

Notes

External links

* [http://www.karisgarden.com/cunningfolk/gallery.htm Cunning-Folk Gallery]
* [http://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html Early Stuart Libels] - contains additional poems about John Lambe'
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/scott/lodw10.htm "Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft"] , by Sir Walter Scott
* [http://www.spamula.net/col/archives/2005/11/the_ministerduk.html "The Minister—Duke of Buckingham"] from Isaac D'Israeli's "Curiosities of Literature"