Burning of Jaffna library

The burning of the Jaffna library was an important event in the ongoing Sri Lankan civil war. An organized mob went on a rampage on the nights of May 31 to June 2, 1981, burning the Jaffna public library. It was one of the violent examples of ethnic biblioclasm of the twentieth century.cref|Termcite web |url=http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/119-Knuth-en.pdf |title=Destroying a symbol|accessdate=2007-02-14 |format= |work=IFLA ] The library at the time of destruction was one of the biggest in Asia containing over 97,000 unique books and unique manuscript. [cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2007/02/070202_kandy_library.shtml|title=Fire at Kandy public library|accessdate=2006-03-14 |format= |work=BBC ] [Wilson, A.J. "Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries", p.125]

Background

The library was built in many stages starting from 1933, from a modest beginnings as a private collection. Soon with the help of primarily local citizens, it became a full fledged library. The Library also became a repository of archival material written in Palm leaf manuscripts, original copies of regionally important historic documents in the contested cref|Contestpolitical history of Sri Lanka and newspapers that were published hundred of years ago in the Jaffna peninsula. It thus became a place of historic and symbolic importance to the local minority Sri Lankan Tamil people.cite web |url= http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/12/fea01.html |title=History of the Public Librray|accessdate=2007-04-13 |format= |work=Dailynews ] cite web|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/features/20020130jaffna_library.htm|title= The reconstruction of the Jaffna library by Dr. Jayantha Seneviratne|accessdate=2006-04-17 |format= |work=PRIU]

Eventually the first major wing of the library was opened in 1959 by then Jaffna mayor Alfred Duraiappah. The architect of the Indo-Saracenic style building was one [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/26/stories/13261287.htm Narasimhan] from Madras, India. Prominent Indian librarian S.R. Ranganathan served as an advisor to ensure that the library was built to international standards. The library became the pride of the local people as even researchers from India and other countries began to use it for their research purposes.

Incident

On Sunday May 31, 1981, the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) a regionally popular democratic party held a rally in which three majority Sinhalese policeman were shot and two killed.cref|Political situation

That night police and paramilitaries began a pogrom that lasted for three days. The head office of TULF party was destroyed. The office of the Eelanaadu, a local news paper was also destroyed. Statues of Tamil cultural and religious figures were destroyed or defaced.

Four people were pulled from their homes and killed at random. Many business establishments and a local Hindu temple were also deliberately destroyed.

On May 31, night according to many eye witnesses saw policeman and government sponsored thugs or gangsters set fire to the Jaffna public library thus destroying it completely. Over 97,000 volumes of books along with numerous culturally important and irreplaceable manuscripts were destroyed.Among the destroyed were scrolls of historical value and the works and manuscripts of philosopher, artist and author Ananda Coomaraswamy and prominent intellectual Prof. Dr. Isaac Thambiah. The destroyed articles included memoirs and works of writers and dramatists who made a significant contribution toward the sustenance of the Tamil culture and those of locally reputed medical physicians and politicians.

Nancy Murraycref|Nancy Murray wrote in a journal article in 1984, that several high ranking security officers and two cabinet ministers were present in the town of Jaffna, when uniformed security men and plainclothes [cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/country_profiles/1166237.stm|title=Chronology of events in Sri lanka|accessdate=2006-03-14 |format= |work=BBC] mob carried out organized acts of destruction. [ Nancy Murray (1984), "Sri Lanka: Racism and the Authoritarian State," Issue no. 1, Race & Class, vol. 26 (Summer 1984)] After 20 years the government owned Daily News, newspaper in an editorial in 2001 termed the 1981 event as an act by "goon squads let loose by the then government". [cite web |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/EditorialReviews/erev200106/20010608editorialreview.html|title= EDITORIAL, DAILY NEWS |accessdate=2006-03-14 |format= |work=Daily News]

Reaction

Two Cabinet ministers who saw the destruction of government and private properties on the verandah of the Jaffna Rest House (A government owned hotel) claimed that the incident was bquote|"an unfortunate event, where few policeman got drunk and went on a looting spree all on their own"

The national newspapers did not carry information about the incident and in subsequent parliamentary debates some majority Sinhalese members reminded minority Tamil politicians that if Tamils were unhappy in Sri Lanka, they should leave for their homeland in India. A direct quote from a United National Party member is bquote|"If there is discrimination in this land which is not their (Tamil) homeland, then why try to stay here. Why not go back home (India) where there would be no discrimination. There are your kovils and Gods. There you have your culture, education, universities etc. There you are masters of your own fate"- Mr.W.J.M. Lokubandara, M.P. in Sri Lanka's Parliament, July 1981.cite web |url= http://www.independentsl.com/cgi-bin/newsscript1.cgi?record=1034|title= Over two decades after the burning down of the Jaffna library in Sri Lanka|accessdate=2006-03-15 |format= |work=The Independent] cref|Reaction

Of all the destruction in Jaffna city it was the destruction of the Jaffna Public Library was the incident which appeared to cause the most distress to the people of Jaffna.cite book |last= Peebles |first= Patrick |title= The History of Sri Lanka |origyear= 2006 |series= The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations |publisher= Greenwood Press |location= Westport, Connecticut |isbn= 0313332053 |pages= pp. 133 & 134|chapter= chapter 10] cite book |last= Ponnambalam|first= Satchi|title= Sri Lanka: The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle |origyear= 1983 |publisher= Zed Books Ltd. |location= London |isbn= 0862321980 |pages= pp. 207 & 261] Twenty years later mayor of Jaffna Nadarajah Raviraj still grieved at the recollection of the flames he saw as a University student. He was later killed by unknown gunmen in the capital Colombo in 2006. .com] For Tamils the devastated library became a symbol of "physical and imaginative violence" of majoritan extremists. The attack was seen as an assault on their aspirations, value of learning and traditions of academic achievement. The attack also became the rallying point for Tamil radicals to convince the Tamil populace that their race was targeted for annihilation.

President Ranasinghe Premadasa

In 1991 the then president of Sri Lanka Premadasa publicly proclaimed that

He was accusing his political opponents within his UNP party Lalith Athulathmudali and Gamini Dissanayake, who had just brought an impeachment motion against him, as directly involved in the burning of the library in 1981

President Mahinda Rajapakse

In 2006 the President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapakse was quoted as saying,

He was also further quoted to say referencing a prominent local Tamil poet, reminding the audience that

He concluded in that speech that as a cumulative effect of the all these atrocities, the peaceful voice of the Tamils is now drowned in the echo of the gun referring to the rebel LTTE's terrorism. [cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2005/11/051104_mjaffna.shtml|title=Mahinda promises compensation for high security zone |accessdate=2006-03-14 |format= |work=BBC ]

Government investigation

According to Orville H.Schell, Chairman of the Americas Watch Committee, and Head of the Amnesty International's 1982 fact finding mission to Sri Lanka, the UNP government at that time did not institute an independent investigation to establish responsibility for these killings in May and June 1981 and take measures against those responsible. [ cite web
title = Burning of the Jaffna Library
work = Amnesty International's 1982 fact finding mission to Sri Lanka
publisher = Tamilnation.org
url = http://www.tamilnation.org/indictment/indict016.htm] But since 1991 all governments have taken responsibility for the destruction of the library although no one has been indicted for the crimes yet.

Reopening of the Library

1982, one year after the initial destruction, the community sponsored Jaffna Public Library Week and collected thousands of books. Repairs on parts of the building were on progress when the Black July pogrom induced civil conflict began in 1983. The library building was damaged by bullets and bombs. In 1985 after an attack on a nearby police station by Tamil rebels, soldiers entered the partially restored building and set off bombs that shredded thousands of books yet again. The library was abandoned with its shell and bullet pocked walls, blackened with smoke of burnt books.

As an effort to win back confidence of the Tamil people and also to mollify international opinion, in 1998 under president Chandrika Kumaratunga, the government began the process to rebuild it with contributions from all Sri Lankans [cite web |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/970601/news3.html
title= Building a bridge of peace with bricks and books|accessdate=2006-03-15 |format= |work=The Sunday Times] and foreign governments. [cite web |url=http://www.museum-security.org/03/020.html
title= French government donates books to the Jaffna library|accessdate=2007-05-03 |format= |work=Museum Security] Approximately US $ 1 million dollars was spent and over 25,000 books were collected. By 2001 the replacement building was complete but the 2003 reopening of the rebuilt library was opposed by the rebel LTTE leading to all twenty one members of the Jaffna municipal council led by Mayor Sellan Kandian to tender their resignation as a protest to the pressure exerted on them to postpone the reopening of the library. [cite web |url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=8343
title= Jaffna library opening put off as Mayor, councilors resign|accessdate=2006-03-14 |format= |work=Tamilnet ] Eventually the library was opened to the public. [cite web |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328000505900.htm
title= Story of Jaffna Library |accessdate=2006-03-15 |format= |work=The Hindu] (See photo [http://www.flickr.com/photos/7766881@N08/449719177 here] )

ee also

*Book burning
*Destruction of Library of Alexandria
*Burning of books and burying of scholars
*Marc Drogin

Notes

*cnote|Term|Biblioclasm, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the deliberate destruction of books, a cultural offense of the first magnitude. Some of the ancient calamities are destruction of the Alexandria library in Egypt. Well known historic event was the destruction of thousands of books made from the bark of trees and bearing the wisdom of Mayan culture were put in fire and burnt in 1562 in Mexico, because a Spanish friar wanted to "cleanse" the natives of "devilish" thoughts. The late 20th century China's Red Guard wiped out artifacts and books in the takeover of Tibet in the 1960s. Pol Pot destroyed many books in auto genocide of Cambodiain the 1970s. On August 25, 1992, the Serbs extended "ethnic cleansing" to the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, resulting in 1.5 million books and manuscripts being incinerated in one night. [cite web |url= http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byform/mailing-lists/exlibris/2004/01/msg00087.html|title= Fragile Guardians of Culture By Nicholas A. Basbanes|accessdate=2007-04-16 |format= |work=Los Angeles Times]
*cnote|Contest|In the post colonial era the history of immigration patterns of various ethnic communities from India to Sri Lanka has become a dimension that fuels the ethnic conflict. Sinhalese nationalists maintain that as the first group to arrive from India, they have exclusive rights to scarce resources, jobs and other opportunities. Government policies that have favored this interpretation has run into opposition from the minority Tamils who during the colonial period enjoyed a greater share of available opportunities. As a response, Tamils too began to emphasize their history of earlier immigration from India. The library held the only original copy of "Yalpana Vaipava Malai" that documented the rise and fall of the Tamil and Hindu dominated Jaffna kingdom in the north of the island nation. [cite web |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2103/stories/20040213000206000.htm|title= History from the LTTE |accessdate=2007-04-15 |format= |work=Frontline]
*cnote|Nancy Murray| Director, Bill of Rights Education Project with American Civil Liberties Union. [cite web |url= http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/07/0249214
title= Nancy Murray: Hyper-Nationalism and Our Civil Liberties|accessdate=2006-03-15 |format= |work=Democracy Now]
*cnote|Political situation|Sri Lanka’s nation-building program became intimately linked with a Sinhalisation of the state directive. It was expected that the minorities would be assimilated into this new Sinhalese Buddhist nation-state. Moreover, the 1956 election marked the beginning of an era of ethnically-based party politics.cite journal | coauthors = Sunil Bastian | title = The Failure of State Formation, Identity Conflict and Civil Society Responses - The Case of Sri Lanka | volume = | pages = | publisher = Brad.edu | date = 1999 | url = http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/confres/assets/CCR2.pdf | accessdate = 2006-04-16 ] One form of extremism and violence led to the other and by 1981 there were some minority radical Tamil youth who were legitimizing terrorist attacks against the state as a response to alleged state violence. [cite web |url= http://www.paradisepoisoned.com/PDFs/Preview21.pdf|title= How it Came to This – Learning from Sri Lanka’s Civil Wars By Professor John Richardson|accessdate=2006-03-30 |format= |work=paradisepoisoned.com]
*cnote|Reaction|Some majority Sinhalese politicians expressed no regrets and used subsequent parliamentary discussion to drive home the message sent by the library’s destruction: if the Tamils were unhappy, they should leave Sri Lanka and return to their homeland, India. Thus the attack on the library was used to send a message of point of no return for negotiations and indicated a willingness to engage the political process with further violence. Thus radical elements within both the communities took over the direction of further conflict management and marginalizing those moderates who wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully.

References

Further reading

* Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century (Hardcover), by Rebecca Knuth, Publisher: Praeger Publishers (July 30, 2003) (ISBN 0-275-9808-8X)
* Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist Violence and Cultural Destruction (Hardcover), by Rebecca Knuth, Publisher: Praeger Publishers (May 30, 2006) (ISBN 0-275-9900-79)
* A Splendor of Letters: The Permanence of Books in an Impermanent World (Hardcover), by Nicholas A. Basbanes, Publisher: HarperCollins (November 25, 2003) (ISBN 0-060-0828-79)

External links

*http://www.burningmemories.org - Documentary on the burning of the library by Someetharan.
* [http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/12/fea01.html History of the Jaffna public library]
* [http://hotzone.yahoo.com/b/hotzone/20060612/hz_srilanka_0606/blogs5735 Burning Books] - Reported by Kevin Sites