TATA box

The TATA box (also called Goldberg-Hogness box) [Lifton RP, Goldberg ML, Karp RW, Hogness DS. (1978). The organization of the histone genes in Drosophila melanogaster: functional and evolutionary implications. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 42, 1047-1051. PMID 98262] is a DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes and Archaea. [Smale ST, Kadonaga JT (2003). . The RNA polymerase II core promoter. Annu Rev Biochem. 72, 449-479. PMID 12651739 [http://www.lpt.ens.fr/~monasson/Houches/Kadonaga/CorePromoterAnnuRev2003.pdf PDF] ]

Considered to be the core promoter sequence, it is the binding site of either transcription factors or histones (the binding of a transcription factor blocks the binding of a histone and vice versa) and is involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase.

Overview

The TATA box has the core DNA sequence 5'-TATAAA-3' or a variant, which is usually followed by three or more adenine bases. It is usually located 25 base pairs upstream to the transcription site. The sequence is believed to have remained consistent throughout much of the evolutionary process, possibly originating in an ancient eukaryotic organism.

It is normally bound by the TATA Binding Protein (TBP) in the process of transcription, which unwinds the DNA, and bends it through 80°. The AT-rich sequence facilitates easy unwinding (due to 2 hydrogen bonds between bases as opposed to 3 between GC pairs). The TBP is an unusual protein in that it binds the minor groove and binds with a β sheet.

The TATA box is usually found as the binding site of RNA polymerase II. The transcription factor TFIID binds to the TATA box, followed by TFIIA binding to the upstream part of TFIID. TFIIB can then bind to the downstream part of TFIID. The polymerase can then recognise this multi-protein complex and bind to it, along with various other transcription factors such as TFIIF, TFIIE and TFIIH. Transcription is then initiated, and the polymerase moves along the DNA strand, leaving TFIID and TFIIA bound to the TATA box. These can then facilitate the binding of additional RNA polymerase II molecules.

This cluster of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors is known as a basal transcriptional complex (BTC). In this state, it only gives a low level of transcription. Other factors must stimulate the BTC to increase transcription levels. One such example of a BTC stimulating region of DNA is the CAAT box.

Many genes lack a TATA box and use an initiator element or downstream core promoter instead. Nevertheless, TBP is always involved and is forced to bind without sequence specificity. Promoters lacking a TATA box are called TATA-less promoters and are suggested to make up 50% of all promoter sequences.

Although TFIID (pronounced "T F 2 D") is known to bind first for nearly all genes, the order of the other transcription factors varies among genes

See also

* Pribnow box
* Initiator motif

References