- John Marshall (industrialist)
John Marshall (27 July 1765 - 6 June 1845) was a British businessman and politician from
Leeds ,West Yorkshire ,England .Marshall was born at number 1, Briggate, Leeds, the son of Jeremiah (1731–1787), a linen draper, and his wife Mary (1728–1799), whose father was John Cowper of
Yeadon . He was their only child who survived infancy.cite encyclopedia | last=Beresford | first=Maurice | title=Marshall, John (1765–1845) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | date=Sept 2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37739 | accessdate=2008-07-17 (online available to subscribers; also in print)]Marshall joined the family business when he was seventeen. Five years later his father Jeremiah died and Marshall became the controlling partner in the company. He also inherited a new house, a warehouse, and £7,500.
Shortly before his father's death Marshall heard that two men from
Darlington , John Kendrew, a glass-grinder, andThomas Porthouse , a watchmaker, had registered apatent for a new Flax Spinning Machine. Marshall visited the men and purchased the right to make copies of their invention. He spent much of the next decade trying to improve the performance of the machines but found little success until he recruited engineerMatthew Murray .In 1790, he bought the
freehold of anacre of land onWater Lane inHolbeck nearLeeds . This was an ideal location for a mill because of its close proximity to theLeeds and Liverpool Canal and theAire and Calder Navigation .Between 1791 and 1792, he constructed
Marshall's Mill on this site. This mill was a six-storey water-powered mill using water drawn from the nearbyHol Beck to spinyarn . Marshall was able to create enough power to run 7,000spindle s employing 2,000 factory workers. Only a generation earlier, the making of hand-spun yarn had been a traditionalYorkshire cottage industry .In 1796, he was a partner (with Thomas Benyon, Benjamin Benyon, and
Charles Bage in building aflax mill atDitherington nearShrewsbury , which was the first iron framed building in the world. [A. W. Skempton and H. R. Johnson, 'The First iron frames' "Archiectural Review" (March 1962); repr. in R. J. M. Sutherland, "Structral Iron 1750-1850" (Ashgate, Aldershot 1997), 25-36. ]Adjacent to Marshall's Mill, he built his most ambitious project:
Temple Works flax mill between 1836 and 1840. Temple Works was based on the Temple of Edfu atHorus inEgypt , with a chimney designed in the style of anobelisk ; at the time, it was said to be the largest single room in the world. Employees at Temple Works worked 72 hours a week, 40% of the people employed by Marshall were young women aged thirteen to twenty, and about 20% were under thirteen. Conditions in the flax mills of that era were extremely hot and humid because of the number of workers and the fact that humid conditions made the flax easier to work.Despite the age of his workers and the conditions in his factories, Marshall is considered to be one of the most liberal factory owners of the
industrial revolution . In his factories, overseers were not allowed to usecorporal punishment on the workers. Younger children were encouraged to attend day school, and older children were given free education on Monday afternoons.Marshall was involved in the founding of the Leeds Mechanics' Institute and the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society. In 1826, he began a campaign to establish
Leeds University . Marshall also gave money to theLeeds Library .In 1827, Marshall became a
Member of Parliament in the House of Commons. In 1830, he resigned his seat due to ill health and retired to the country home he had built in 1815, Hallsteads, near Watermillock on the shore ofUllswater in theLake District . The house is currently used as the UllswaterOutward Bound Centre. [http://www.outwardbound.org.uk/Individual/Venues/Ullswater.htm]Marshall married Jane Pollard, daughter of a William Pollard, a
Halifax wool-stapler and linen-merchant. Her three spinster sisters (Ann, Catharine and Eleanor) moved to a house named Old Church, near Hallsteads, by 1829. Jane had metDorothy Wordsworth while Dorothy was at school in Halifax, and there are references to visits to Hallsteads and Old Church in Dorothy andWilliam Wordsworth 's correspondence. [cite web|url=http://www.oldchurch.co.uk/OCH/History.htm|title=The Old Church Hotel: History|accessdate=2008-07-17]Marshall and Jane had eleven children.cite book|last=Gilleghan|first=John|title=Leeds: A to Z of local history|publisher=Kingsway Press|date=2001|pages=166-167|chapter=Marshall, John|isbn=0951919431] Their eldest son William was MP for Beverley,cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Bcommons3.htm|title=House of Commons constituencies beginnng with "B": Beverley|work=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page|accessdate=2008-07-17] Carlislecite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons2.htm|title=House of Commons constituencies beginnng with "C": Carlisle (Cumberland)|work=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page|accessdate=2008-07-17] and East Cumberlandcite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons6.htm|title=House of Commons constituencies beginnng with "C": Cumberland East|work=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page|accessdate=2008-07-17] Their second son John was MP for Leeds 1832-1835, and third son James Garth held the same seat 1847-1852.cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Lcommons1.htm|title=House of Commons constituencies beginnng with "L": Leeds|work=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page|accessdate=2008-07-17] The fourth son, Henry Cowper, was Mayor of Leeds 1842-1843. Their daughter Julia Anne (1809-1841) married Rev. Henry Venn Elliott in 1833 and wrote the words for several hymns in her husband's publication "Psalms and Hymns for Public, Private and Social Worship" (1835): she was not acknowledged until the third printing (1839) when her initials were added in the index. [cite web|url=http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/e/l/elliott_jam.htm|title=Julia Anne Marshall Elliott|work=The Cyber Hymnal|accessdate=2008-07-17]
Marshall's estate, after his death at Hallsteads in 1845, was assessed variously as between £1.5 million and £2.5 million. He was buried in the church adjoining Hallsteads.
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DATE OF BIRTH=1765
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DATE OF DEATH=1845
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