Peer mentoring

Peer Mentoring is a form of mentoring that takes place in learning environments such as schools, usually between an older more experienced student and a new student(s). Peer Mentors should not be confused with prefects. Peer mentoring is a good way of practicing social skills for the mentor and help on adapting and settling in for the mentoree. Most peer mentors are picked for their sensibility, confidence, social skills and reliability.

Peer mentors appear mainly in secondary schools where students moving up from Junior/Primary schools may need assistance in settling in at the whole new schedule and lifestyle of secondary school life.

Peer mentors benefit from, usually, excellent recommendations from the school they mentored in and it aids admission into university.

The amount of time that peer mentors and mentorees meet varies according to the particular mentoring program. Some pairs may make contact once a month, while others may meet 3-4 times per month or more. It is usually advised that mentors and mentorees meet more often in the beginning of the relationship, in order to establish a good foundation. Mentors and mentorees may maintain contact through email, telephone or in person meetings. Peer mentoring organizations may also set up social events for those participating in the program. These events provide good opportunities for increased social interaction between mentors and mentorees.

The compatibility of mentor and mentoree is a factor that should be taken into consideration when choosing pairs. Mentors and mentorees may benefit from having similar backgrounds, interests and life experiences.

The objectives of a peer mentoring program should be well defined and measurable. The effectiveness of the program should be monitored to ensure that the objectives are being met. One way to monitor the effectivenss of a program is to administer evaluations to the mentors and mentorees.

Mentoring is usually done on a volunteer basis, although some institutions pay mentors and offer other benefits. Mentors often undergo training that will help guide them in the mentoring process.

Peer Mentoring in education

Peer mentoring in education occurs at the grade school level, the undergraduate level, and the graduate school level. The goals of the program may vary according to the level, the educational institution or the discipline.

Peer mentors in secondary schools aid in the transition of younger students from primary school to secondary school. They may assist mentorees with their school work and study skills, peer pressure (such as pressure to use drugs or have sex), issues with attendance and behavior, and typical family problems. Peer mentors for youth may simply be a person for the younger child to spend time with. Mentoring programs for youth can be especially useful for students who are suffering from a lack of social support, and may be susceptible to delinquency.

Peer mentors for undergraduates may assist newly admitted students with time management, study skills, organizational skills, curriculum planning, administrative issues, test preparation, term paper preparation, goal setting, and grade monitoring. Additionally, such mentors may provide other forms of social support for the student, such as friendship, networking, and aiding the student's adjustment to college life.

A peer mentor at the graduate school level may assist new students in selecting an advisor, negotiating the advisor/advisee relationship, preparation for major examinations, publishing articles, the job search, and adjusting to the rigors of graduate school life.

Peer Mentoring in Higher Education

Peer mentoring in higher education has enjoyed a good name and is seen favorably by both educational administrators and students. During the last decade, peer mentoring has expanded and is found in most colleges and universities, frequently as a means to outreach, retain, and recruit minority students.

Peer Mentoring is used extensively in higher education for several reasons such as the assumption that the benefits attributed to classical mentoring can translate to peer mentoring relationships, mainly when the peer mentor and the mentoree are alike; also the lack of roles models or volunteers forces administrators and students leaders to use peer students as mentors of other students -usually first year students, ethnic minorities, and women- in order to guide, support, and instruct junior students; and because peer mentoring programs require a low budget for administration and/or development, they become a cheap alternative to support students perceived as likely to fail in educational settings. Although peer mentoring programs are appealing to most people, such as classical mentoring, and although they seem easy to implement and develop, there is little research to support whether peer mentoring is effective or if it gives the same results as classical mentoring. Classic mentoring is when an older adult mentors a younger person.

Peer mentoring programs usually target ethnic minorities, and women. This approach tends to be conceived out of the Deficiency Model, where multi-ethnic students, women and students with disabilities are perceived in need of help, and who can not succeed unless senior students or successful adults help them. One of the main critics towards peer mentoring is the lack of research to really know what peer mentoring relationships are like, how they develop, and what their outcomes are. Also, the role of peer mentors and peer mentorees is not clear. The mere nature of being either a mentor or mentoree, and at the same time a peer make the relationship a dual relationship where other identities also converge. Another critic about peer mentoring programs is that they tend to promote assimilation among ethnic minority students because it uses student role models who are perceived as successful in social educational environments characterized by majority students. These roles models become then the people to imitate or emulate by students who play the role of peer mentorees. A more subtle critic of peer mentoring refers to the lack of supervision and structure of most peer mentoring programs. Most peer mentoring programs are led by undergraduate students and rarely have direct supervision of higher education full time university staff.

Although peer mentoring programs have flourished in most university settings and continue to spread, critics insist that first, little is knows of the nature of peer mentoring relationships, second, there are not consistent studies that indicate what the outcomes are, other than good feelings among peers and the development of friendship among students -frequently ethnic minorities-, and third there is suspicion among critical theorists that peer mentoring led by seniors students promote the status quo and prevents critical analysis of the deficiencies of the higher education system. Also given the fact that students are led by other students who serve as peer mentors, critics say that university staff may free themselves thanks to this approach from their responsibility to listen and help students classified as peer mentorees who are usually first year students, the group with the largest attrition rate in higher education. Critics say that without extensive training and supervision, the guidance given to peer mentorees by senior students who serve as mentors is left to an uncertain destiny. Furthermore, several retractors of peer mentoring express concerns and worries about this growing practice due to the lack of research to support its use and widespread development.

Peer mentoring in higher education usually focuses on social, academic, and cultural skills that can help students to graduate from higher education institutions (e.g. colleges and universities), and how the higher educational system work (e.g. how to apply for financial aid, how to register for classes, how to write papers, how to choose a major, etc). But the knowledge students received usually comes from seniors students who serve as peer mentors and this presents a limitation.

Peer mentoring differs from classical mentoring, which usually tends to take place in work settings, on two aspects. First, in peer mentoring mentors and mentorees are close in age, experiences, educational level, and sometimes they may also overlap on several personal identities, which are usually the criteria for matching, but leaves junior students vulnerable to peer pressure and unsupervised rivalry. Second, peer mentoring programs are semi-structured planned programs with specific guidelines and frequently with a set number of meetings and activities, within a pre-determined amount of time for the experience, which may be a limitation for the ending of a relationship that might not work or outgrow naturally earlier. Students who enroll in peer mentoring programs tend to be matched mostly according to major, gender, language of preference, and ethnic background, and those students who share the largest number of similarities tend to become peers in the peer mentoring relationship.

Little research is available to know what the experience of peer mentorees is and what happens between peer mentors and peer mentorees who have different characteristics. Although some authors report abusive relationships, indoctrination, and cultural assimilation on the peer mentoree’s side, peer mentoring programs continue to develop and more programs are implemented, mostly in the English Speaking world.

Despite all deficiencies peer mentoring seem to provide support, and help among students, who are the strongest supporters of such practice.

Cross-age peer mentoring

The Handbook of Youth Mentoring [cite book
last = DuBois
first = David L.
coauthors = Michael J. Karcher
title = Handbook of Youth Mentoring
publisher = SAGE Publications Ltd
location = Thousand Oaks, California
year = 2005
isbn = 0761929770
url = http://books.google.com/books?hl=de&lr=&id=TtdR-GCYOw4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&ots=RClnzh3QMw&sig=O0Ufdvbh3MYZuT-5POpFri_0BOw#PPP1,M1] provides the following definition of cross-age peer mentoring: "Peer mentoring involves an interpersonal relationship between two youth of different ages that reflects a greater degree of hierarchical power imbalance than is typical of a friendship and in which the goal is for the older youth to promote one or more aspects of the younger youth's development. Peer mentoring refers to a sustained (long-term), usually formalized (i.e. program-based), developmental relationship. The relationship is "developmental" in that the older peer's goal is to help guide the younger mentoree's development in domains such as interpersonal skills, self-esteem and conventional connectedness and attitudes (e.g. future motivation, hopfulness)."Cross-age mentoring can be distinguished from peer mentoring by the fact that the mentor is in a higher grade level and/or is slightly older then the mentoree in the former case, whereas students of the same age are paired together based on varying levels of achievement in the latter case. Despite this important distinction, the terms cross-age mentoring and peer mentoring are often used interchangeably, and are sometimes also referred to as peer teaching, peer education, partner learning, peer coaching, and cooperative learning.

In general, cross-age mentoring programs can involve a tutoring or teaching component, personal mentorship and guidance, or both, and maintains many of the advantages inherent in other forms of peer mentorship. Because student mentors are closer in age, knowledge, authority and cognitive development than adult mentors, mentorees often feel freer to express ideas, ask questions, and take risks. These similarities also make it easier for mentors to understand personal and academic problems that the mentoree may be experiencing, and present solutions in a more understandable and relevant way. Furthermore, unlike same-age peer mentoring, cross-age programs can prevent feelings of inferiority on the part of the mentoree when they are mentored or tutored by a student of the same age or status. Thus, mentors who are slightly older than their mentorees can take advantage of the higher status provided by their age difference, but still maintain similarity and increased compatibility with their students. The specific benefits of cross-age mentoring/tutoring are numerous, and are briefly described here in three main categories: increased academic achievement, improved interpersonal skills, and personal development(Refs 3,4).

Cross-age mentorship, and tutoring programs in particular, supports the academic achievement and learning process of both the mentor and the mentoree. mentorees benefit from increased personalized attention in a one-on-one setting, and can work at their own pace. Sessions are customized for the mentoree’s individual questions, needs, and learning styles, and therefore mentorees gain a greater mastery of the material and concepts while developing creativity and critical thinking skills. The mentor may also gain a deeper understanding of the material or subject that they are teaching, as this relationship often encourages a deeper dedication to their own studies so that they may more effectively communicate what they’ve learned. The mentor gains a deeper sense of responsibility, dedication, and pride in being able to help a peer, while both students take pride in mutual accomplishments and successes. Ultimately, cross-age mentorship programs may increase retention and graduation rates, especially among minority students (Refs 3,4).

In addition to improved learning and transmission of information, the mentorship process allows both students to develop more effective interpersonal communication skills. mentorees learn how to effectively form and pose questions, seek advice, and practice active listening and concentration. Similarly, the mentors gain valuable practice in effective teaching strategies. This format fosters increased empathy and patience in both participants, potentially creating new friendships and breaking down social barriers for students struggling to adjust to a new academic setting. Often, the mentor will serve as an important role-model, and can model academic skills and work habits as well as personal values (e.g. dedication to service, empathy, and internal motivation).

Through this process of cross-age mentorship, both students also often develop increased self-esteem and performance. The academic and emotional support provided to the mentoree can help him/her develop competence and confidence, while the mentor may feel a sense of pride in being an effective guide. Furthermore, this relationship can be pivotal for the success of new or underserved students in academia by providing an opportunity for peers to discuss academic issues, career choices, research ideas, and personal matters.

The successful establishment of a cross-age mentoring programs described above requires careful consideration of the goals, objectives and human, physical and financial resources that will be available in order to ultimately assess the progress made by all the participants and the overall usefulness of the program over the course of time. Frequently doing such an assessment is important as it gives valuable insight into how well the cross-age mentoring curriculum is organized and implemented, as well as provides a positive reinforcement for both the mentor and mentoree to keep up the good work by keeping track of the progress made by the students involved in this program. The likelihood that cross-age mentorship will be effective is also greatly increased if the mentors are initially pre-screened by the nature of their academic proficiency and attitude to ensure that they will be appropriately selected and well-matched to meet the needs of a mentoree. Moreover, mentors will also greatly benefit from receiving ongoing training, supervision and psychological support by teachers, administrators, parents and other members of the community to further develop their mentoring skills. (Ref #3)

One great example of an established cross-age mentoring program is the COCA-COLA VALUED YOUTH PROGRAM (VYP), which originated in San Antonio, Texas through the Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA). In an effort to decrease truancy, need for disciplinary actions and drop-out rates of students, this program paired up “at-risk” middle school students to tutor “at-risk” elementary school students, both primarily of Hispanic origin with limited English proficiency. In this case, the tutors who participated were not only rewarded by getting paid and given course credit, but also by receiving student recognition for their service and even by improving their own academic and tutoring skills by being provided with special tutoring classes. These VYP program benefits, in turn, resulted in a positive impact on school success and lowered the dropout rates of these tutors (Ref #2, http://www.ncset.org/publications/essentialtools/dropout/part3.3.04.asp).

Advantages of peer mentoring in education

There are many advantages of peer mentoring for the mentor and the mentoree alike. Peer mentoring may help new students adapt to a new academic environment faster. The relationship between the mentor and mentoree gives the mentoree a sense of being connected to the larger community where they may otherwise feel lost. Mentors are usually slightly more advanceed students, so they can share useful knowledge and experience that is otherwise difficult to obtain. Mentors are chosen because they are academically successful and because they possess good communication, social and leadership skills. As a consequence, mentors serve as positive role models for the students, guiding them towards academic and social success. Mentors provide support, advice, encouragement, and even friendship to students. Peer mentoring may improve student retention rates.

Mentors also stand to benefit from the mentor/mentoree relationship. Mentoring gives mentors a chance to sharpen their social, communication and leaderships skills. Mentors develop friendships through their participation in mentoring programs. Mentors also benefit from the satisfaction of helping a younger student, and possibly shaping a young students life in a positive way. Mentors may also be paid, and they may receive other benefits such as prioritized registration, course credit, and references.

Advantages of peer mentoring at work

Peer mentoring can be advantageous in the work setting. Peer mentoring offers a low cost way to train employees. mentorees may feel more comfortable learning from a peer than in a hierarchical setting. mentorees may also benefit from the bonds they form with colleagues.

Intergenerational mentoring

References

2. Cardenas, Jose A., and others. VALUED YOUTH PROGRAM: DROPOUT PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR AT-RISK STUDENTS. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 1991. 25 pages.

3. Gaustad, Joan. Peer and Cross-Age Tutoring. ERIC Digest, Number 79. ERIC #:ED354608 Publication Date: 1993-03-00

4. Kalkowski, Page. Peer and Cross-Age Tutoring. School Improvement Research Series. NWREL. March 1995.

5. Washington Reading Corps. Peer and Cross-Age Tutoring. Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, Washington Reading Corps Toolkit Module 6. 37 Pages.

ee also

*Peer-taught classes
*Youth mentoring