Hepatizon

Hepatizon (Greek etymology: Polytonic|ἧπαρ, English translation: "liver"), also known as Black Corinthian Bronze, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with the addition of a small proportion of gold and silver (perhaps as little as 8% of each), mixed and treated to produce a material with a dark purplish patina, similar to the colour of liver. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but no known examples of hepatizon exist today.

Of the known types of bronze or brass in classical antiquity (known in Latin as "aes" and in Greek as χαλκός), hepatizon was the second most valuable. Pliny the Elder mentions it in his "Natural History", stating that it is less valuable than Corinthian bronze, which contained a greater proportion of gold or silver and as a result resembled the precious metals, but was esteemed before bronze from Delos and Aegina. [ [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Aes.html Aes] , from "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", John Murray, London, 1875.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=34:chapter=3 Pliny's chapter on Corinthian Brass and hepatizon] , Chapter 3 of Book 34 from "Natural History".] As a result of its dark colour, it was particularly valued for statues.cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=David M.|title=Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists|journal=Gold Bulletin|url=http://www.goldbulletin.org/downloads/JACOB_2_33.PDF|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-07-06| year=2000|volume=33|issue=3|pages=60–66|id=ISSN|0017-1557] According to Pliny, the method of making it, like that for Corinthian bronze, had been lost for a long time.

Similar alloys are found outside Europe. For example, shakudo is a Japanese billon of gold and copper with a characteristic dark blue-purple patina.

Other uses

The same term is part of the binomial species names of various living things:

Lichen

*"Cetraria hepatizon"
*"Melanelia hepatizon"
*"Lichen hepatizon"
*"Parmelia hepatizon"
*"Platysma hepatizon"
*"Tuckermanopsis hepatizon"

nail

*"Rhysotina hepatizon"
*"Thomeonanina hepatizon"

References

ources

* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119094.200-secret-of-achilles-shield-the-ancients-loved-black-bronzeso-much-they-made-their-most-valued-treasures-from-it-what-was-the-secretof-the-alloys-success-and-why-did-it-take-modern-metallurgists-so-longtocatch-on-.html New Scientist, 22 January 1994, "Secret of Achilles' Shield"]