Infancy Gospel of Thomas

The "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" is a non-canonical text that was part of a popular genre, "aretalogy", of the 2nd and 3rd centuries— a miracle literature of Infancy gospels that was both entertaining and inspirational, written to satisfy a hunger for more miraculous and anecdotal stories of the childhood of Jesus than the Gospel of Luke provided. Later references by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria to a "Gospel of Thomas" are more likely to be referring to this Infancy Gospel than to the wholly different "Gospel of Thomas" with which it is sometimes confused. Some of the episodes from the Infancy Gospel were topics of mediaeval art.

Author

The "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" is, like many such texts, a pseudepigraphical work, for it claims within itself to have been written by "Thomas the Israelite" (in a medieval Latin version). The biblical Thomas (or Judas Thomas, Didymos Judas Thomas, etc.) is very unlikely to have had anything to do with the text. Whoever its initial author was, he seems not to have known much of Jewish life besides what he could learn from the "Gospel of Luke", which the text seems to refer to directly in ch. 19; Sabbath and Passover observances are mentioned.

Dating

The first known probable quotation from its text is from Irenaeus of Lyon, "ca" 185, which sets a latest possible date of authorship. The earliest possible date is in the 80s AD, when Luke's gospel was probably composed, from which the author of the Infancy Gospel borrowed the story of Jesus in the temple at age twelve (see Infancy 19:1-12 and Luke 2:41-52). Scholars generally agree on a date in the mid- to late-second century AD, since there are two second century documents, the "Epistula Apostolorum" and Irenaeus' "Adversus haereses", which refer to a story of Jesus' tutor telling him, "Say alpha," and him replying, "First tell me what beta is." It is generally agreed that there was at least some period of oral transmission of the text, either wholly or as several different stories before it was first redacted and transcribed, and it is thus entirely possible that both of these texts and the "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" all refer to the oral versions of this story.

Manuscript tradition

Scholars disagree whether the original language of the "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" was Greek or Syriac., based on the finding or lack of badly-translated Greek or Syriac vocabulary or idiom. The few surviving Greek manuscripts provide no clues in themselves, for none of them date before the 13th century (James), while the earliest authorities, according to the editor and translator, Montague Rhodes James, are a much abbreviated 6th century Syriac version, and a Latin palimpsest at Vienna of the 5th or 6th century, which has never been deciphered in full. There is such an unanalysed welter of manuscripts, translations, shortened versions, alternates and parallels, that James found that they have prevented an easy accounting of which text is which. This number of texts and versions reflect the work's widespread popularity into the High Middle Ages.

Content

The text describes the life of the child Jesus, with fanciful, and sometimes malevolent, supernatural events, comparable to the trickster nature of the god-child in many a Greek myth. One of the episodes involves Jesus making clay birds, which he then proceeds to bring to life, an act also attributed to Jesus in cite quran|5|110|style=ref. In another episode, a child disperses water that Jesus has collected, Jesus then curses him, which causes the child's body to wither into a corpse, found in the Greek text A, and Latin versions. The Greek text B doesn't mention Jesus cursing the boy, and simply says that the child "went on, and after a little he fell and gave up the ghost," (M.R. James translation). Another child dies when Jesus curses him when he apparently accidentally bumps into him. In the latter case, there are three differing versions recorded the Greek Text A, Greek Text B, and the Latin text. Instead of bumping into Jesus in A, B records that the child throws a stone at Jesus, while the last says the boy punched him.

When Joseph and Mary's neighbors complain, they are miraculously struck blind by Jesus. Jesus then starts receiving lessons, but arrogantly tries to teach the teacher instead, upsetting the teacher who suspects supernatural origins. Jesus is amused by this suspicion, which he confirms, and revokes all his earlier apparent cruelty. Subsequently he resurrects a friend who is killed when he falls from a roof, and another who cuts his foot with an axe.

After various other demonstrations of supernatural ability, new teachers try to teach Jesus, but he proceeds to explain the law to them instead. There are another set of miracles in which Jesus heals his brother who is bitten by a snake, and two others who have died from different causes. Finally, the text recounts the episode in Luke in which Jesus, aged twelve, teaches in the temple.

Although the miracles seem quite randomly inserted into the text, there are in fact 3 miracles before, and 3 after, each of the sets of lessons. The structure of the story is essentially:

*Bringing life to a dried fish (this is only present in later texts)
*(First group)
**3 Miracles - Breathes life into (12) birds fashioned from clay, curses a boy, who then becomes a corpse (not present in Greek B), curses a boy who falls dead and his parents become blind
**Attempt to teach Jesus which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
**3 Miracles - Reverses his earlier acts, resurrects a friend who fell from a roof, heals a man who chopped his foot with an axe
*(Second group)
**3 Miracles - Carries water on cloth, produces a feast from a single grain, stretches a beam of wood to help his father finish constructing a bed
**Attempts to teach Jesus which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
**3 Miracles - Heals James from snake poison, resurrects a child who died of illness, resurrects a man who died in a construction accident
*Incident in the temple paralleling Luke

Injilu 't Tufuliyyah

An Arabic text, Injilu 't Tufuliyyah or the Arabic Infancy Gospel translated from a Coptic original gives some parallels to the episodes, "recorded in the book of Josephus the Chief Priest, who was in the time of Christ": Jesus speaking from the cradle and the episode of the swallows made of clay are also found in the Qur'an.

Further reading

* Barnstone, Willis (ed.). "The Other Bible", Harper Collins, 1984, pp.398–403. ISBN 0062500317

External links

* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/infancythomas.html Early Christian Writings:] "Infancy Gospel of Thomas"
* [http://www.maplenet.net/~trowbridge/infthom.htm Whole Bible website:] "Infancy Gospel of Thomas"
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/inftoma.htm Gnostic Society Library:] "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" introduction and translations by M.R. James, 1924. From a medieval version in Latin.
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/inftoml.htm Gnostic Society Library:] "Infancy Gospel of Thomas" introduction and translations by M.R. James, 1924.. From another version.
* [http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-08/TOC.htm#TopOfPage "Ante-Nicene Fathers" vol VIII:] Three versions, presented as "Gospel of Thomas"