Lubok

's burial, authored by his opponents. The caption above the cat reads: "The Cat of Kazan, the Mind of Astrakhan, the Wisdom of Siberia" (a parody of the title of Russian Czars). It has been claimed by modern researchers that this is simply a representation of carnivalesque inversion, "turning the world upside down". ] In Russian, Lubok (Cyrillic: "Лубок") means a variety of Russian Folk art such as prints in woodcut, characterized by simple graphics and narratives derived from the oral and written folklore. Lubok prints were also used as decoration in the houses and inns and some of them might be regarded as a predecessors of the modern comic strip.

Background

Russian lubok became a popular genre of Folk art during the last half of the seventeenth century. Farrell, Dianne Ecklund. "Medieval Popular Humor in Russian Eighteenth Century Lubok." pp 552] Russian lubok was primarily influenced by the "woodcuts and engravings done in Germany, Italy, and France during the early part of the fifteenth century". Farrell, Dianne Ecklund. "The Origins of Russian Popular Prints and Their Social Milieu in the Early Eighteenth Century." p. 1 ] Its popularity in Russia was a result of how inexpensive and fairly simple it was to duplicate a print using this new technique. The lubok was typically sold at bazaars and other marketplaces to the lower and middle class citizens. This type of art was very popular with these two social classes because the lubok provided them with an inexpensive opportunity to display artwork in their houses. [ Jahn, Hubertus F. "Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I." Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London. PP 12 ]

The original lubok were woodcuts Boguslawski, Alexander. "Russian Lubok (Popular Prints)." 29. January 2007. http://www.rollins.edu/Foreign_Lang/Russian/Lubok/lubok.html ] . A few years later, however, the woodcuts were mostly replaced with engraving or etching techniques, which enabled the prints to be more detailed and complex [ Jahn, Hubertus F. "Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I." Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London. PP 12 ] . After printing on paper, the picture would be hand-colored with diluted tempera paints. [ "Russian Lubok" The Russian Project. 29 January 2007. http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/7309.html ] . While the prints themselves were typically very simplistic and unadorned, the final product, with the tempera paint added, was surprisingly bright with vivid colors and lines. The dramatic coloring of the early woodcut prints was to some extent lost with the transfer to more detailed engravings.

In addition to the images, these folk prints would also include a short story or lesson that correlated to the picture being presented. Russian scholar Alexander Boguslawski claims that the lubok style "is a combination of Russian icon and manuscript painting traditions with the ideas and topics of western European woodcuts". Typically, the lubok's artist would include minimal text that was suplimentary to the larger illustration that would cover the majority of the engraving.

Lubok genres

Folklorist Dmitri Rovinsky is known for his work with categorizing lubok. His system is very detailed and extensive, and his main categories are as follows: "icons and Gospel illustrations; the virtues and evils of women; teaching, alphabets, and numbers; calendars and almanacs; light reading; novels, folktales, and hero legends; stories of the Passion of Christ, the Last Judgement, and sufferings of the martyrs; popular recreation including Maslenitsa festivities, puppet comedies, drunkenness, music, dancing, and theatricals; jokes and satires related to Ivan the Terrible and Peter I; satires adopted from foreign sources; folk prayers; and government sponsored pictorial information sheets, including proclamations and news items". Many "luboks" can be classified into multiple categories.

War lubok

The satirical version played an important role in the luboks from Russian wartime. It is used to present Napoleon in a satirical manner while portraying the Russian peasants as the heroes of the war. This also inspired other Russians to help fight the war by attempting to, “…redefine Russian national identity in the Napoleonic era” (Norris 2). The luboks presented a manner for the Russians to mock the French enemy, while at the same time display the ‘Russianness” of Russia. “These war luboks satirized Napoleon and depicted French culture as degenerate” (Norris 4). The lubok was a means of reinforcing the idea of defeating the French invaders and displaying the horrible destruction Napoleon and his army caused Russia. To help rekindle the Russian spirit the luboks displayed “The experience of the invasion and subsequent Russian winter rendered Napoleon and his troops powerless, and the luboks illustrated this view by depicting the French leader and soldiers as impotent when confronted by peasant men, women, and Cossacks” (Norris 9). All the different representation of the Russian heroes helped define and spread the belief in Russian identity.

Russo-Japanese War lubok

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 began on February 8, 1904, at Port Arthur with a surprise attack by the Japanese navy. At the time, “Russia was an established European power with a large industrial base and a regular army of 1.1 million soldiers. Japan, with few natural resources and little heavy industry, had an army of only 200,000 men” [ Albro, Walk. "Russo-Japanese War's Greatest Land Battle." Military History 21.6 (2005): 58-65.] . Because of the staggering difference in military defense, Russia assumed itself to have the upper hand before the war ensued. Luboks depicting the overconfidence of the Russian army were created because censorship laws at the time did not allow satirical magazines to subsist.

With the use of satirical cartoons, luboks displayed pictures such as, “a Cossack soldier thrashing a Japanese officer, and a Russian sailor punching a Japanese sailor in the face” [Bryant, Mark. "The Floating World at War." History Today 56.6 (2006): 58-59.] . These luboks, produced in Moscow and St. Perersburg, were anonymously created and recorded much of the Russo-Japanese War.

Perhaps due to the Russian’s overconfidence, “During the battle, the Japanese generals were able to size up their opponent and predict how he would react under certain circumstances. That knowledge enabled them to set a trap and defeat a numerically superior enemy” [ Albro, Walk. "Russo-Japanese War's Greatest Land Battle." Military History 21.6 (2005): 58-65.] . . Therefore, the Russian government eventually stepped in with its censor laws and stopped the creation of more satirical luboks. All in all, around 300 luboks were created during 1904-1905.

Pagan heritage

A theme that is presented in luboks is paganism and other religious elements. Some of the woodcuts refer to sorcery and create links to pagan cosmology. Certain luboks display Hell through Last Judgment scenes and some of the woodcuts present the underworld. Wolves, horses, reindeer and other animals are considered to be the ‘helping animals’ to the sorcerers in the woodcuts.

Another common element that is shown in the luboks is the portrayal of Baba Yaga fighting the guardian of the underworld who has reptilian features. Baba Yaga is dressed in distinctive costumes of elaborate embroidery and is related to folklore in her being presented as good sometimes and evil at other times. She is also frequently shown riding a pig as an identifying trait confirmed by, “Riding pigs was a prominent part of Maslenitsa (the Russian pre-Lenten carnival), and in another luboks a personification of Maslenitsa is shown riding into Moscow on the back of a pig to initiate the festivities” (Farrell 735). On the other hand, there is a luboks that presents the entrance to the underworld through Baba Iaga’s mouth, but it is disguised as a pig’s mouth.

References

*Norris, Stephen. "Images of 1812: Ivan Terebenev and the Russian Wartime Lubok." National Identities Vol. 7(2005): pp. 1-15.doi|10.1080/14608940500072909
*Farrell, Dianne. "Shamanic Elements in Some Early Eighteenth Century Russian Woodcuts." Slavic Review Vol. 54(1993): pp. 725-744.

External links

* [http://www.nlr.ru:8101/eng/coll/prints/lubok.html National Library of Russia - Lubok prints]