Pfalz D.XII

infobox Aircraft
name = Pfalz D.XII
type = Fighter
manufacturer = Pfalz Flugzeugwerke GmbH

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designer =
first flight = March 1918
introduced =
retired =
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primary user = "Luftstreitkräfte"
more users =
produced =
number built = approximately 800
unit cost =
variants with their own articles =The Pfalz D.XII was a German fighter aircraft built by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke. Designed by Rudolph Gehringer as a successor to the Pfalz D.III, the D.XII entered service in significant numbers near the end of the First World War. It was the last major design produced by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke.

Development

In early 1918, the "Idflieg" ("Inspektion der Fliegertruppen") distributed to German aircraft manufacturers a detailed engineering report on the SPAD S.VII, which "Idflieg" considered an example of a well-designed wing structure. Pfalz accordingly produced several Pfalz D.III-derived prototypes with SPAD-type wings. These developed into the Pfalz D.XII. Like the D.III, the D.XII featured the Mercedes D.III engine, although in this case the more powerful 180 hp D.IIIaü version. The D.XII continued Pfalz's "Wickelrumpf" plywood-skinned monocoque fuselage construction, introduced in the Pfalz D.III. Unlike the earlier aircraft, the D.XII used a two-bay wing cellule. Furthermore, the flush wing radiator was replaced with a car-type radiator mounted in front of the engine, giving the D.XII a superficial resemblance to the Fokker D.VII. The prototype D.XII first flew in March 1918, when "Idflieg" issued a production order for 50 aircraft.

Pfalz entered several D.XII prototypes in the second fighter competition at Adlershof in May/June 1918, where they competed against a wide variety of fighter designs. Only Ernst Udet favored the D.XII over the Fokker D.VII, [Weyl 1988.] but his opinion carried such weight that Pfalz received substantial production orders for the D.XII. The aircraft passed its "Typenprüfung" (official type test) on 19 June 1918.

Difficulties with the radiator, which used vertical tubes rather than the more common honeycomb structure, delayed initial deliveries of the D.XII until June. The first 200 production examples could be distinguished by their rectangular fin and rudder. Subsequent aircraft featured a larger, rounded rudder profile.

Operational use

The D.XII began reaching the "Jagdstaffeln", primarily Bavarian units, in July 1918. Most units operated the D.XII in conjunction with other fighter types, but units in quieter sectors of the front were completely equipped with the D.XII.

While the D.XII was a marked improvement over the obsolescent Albatros D.Va and Pfalz D.IIIa, it nevertheless found little favor with German pilots, who strongly preferred the Fokker D.VII. "Leutnant" Rudolf Stark, commander of "Jasta" 35, wrote: [Stark 1988.]

cquote|No one wanted to fly those Pfalzs except under compulsion, and those who had to made as much fuss as they could about practicing on them.

Later their pilots got on very well with them. They flew quite decently and could always keep pace with the Fokkers; in fact they dived even faster. But they were heavy for turns and fighting purposes, in which respect they were not to be compared with the Fokkers. The Fokker was a bloodstock animal that answered to the slightest movement of the hand and could almost guess the rider's will in advance. The Pfalz was a clumsy cart-horse that went heavy in the reins and obeyed nothing but the most brutal force.

Those who flew the Pfalzs did so because there were no other machines for them. But they always gazed enviously at the Fokkers and prayed for the quick chance of an exchange.

Thanks to its sturdy wing and thin airfoil section, the D.XII maintained the excellent high-speed dive characteristics of the earlier Pfalz D.III. Like most contemporary fighters, however, the D.XII had an abrupt stall and a pronounced tendency to spin. Furthermore, pilots consistently criticized the D.XII for its long takeoff run, heavy controls, and "clumsy" handling qualities in the air. Rate of roll, in particular, appears to have been deficient. Landings were difficult because the D.XII tended to float above the ground and the landing gear was weak. Ground crews disliked the extensive wire bracing of the two-bay wings, which required more maintenance than the Fokker D.VII's semi-cantilever wings.

Between 750 and 800 D.XII scouts were completed by the Armistice. A substantial number, perhaps as many as 175, were surrendered to the Allies. Of these, a few were brought back to the United States and Canada for evaluation. Two D.XIIs were sold as war surplus to the Crawford Aeroplane & Supply Co. of Venice, California. These aircraft, which later appeared in the films "Hell's Angels" and the first "Dawn Patrol", are today preserved at the National Air and Space Museum and the Seattle Museum of Flight. [ [http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal206/index.cfm#PFALZ National Air and Space Museum Exhibition] ] Other preserved aircraft are displayed at the "Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace" in Paris and the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.

Pfalz D.XIV

Pfalz also produced a derivative of the D.XII, the D.XIV. The D.XIV replaced the 180 hp Mercedes D.IIIaü with the 200 hp Benz Bz.IVü, a substantially heavier engine. To cope with the increased power and weight, the D.XIV featured longer span wings and an enlarged vertical stabilizer. A few prototypes were built and tested at the second Adlershof competition, but no production order ensued. The D.XIV did not offer an appreciable increase in performance over the D.XII, and the Benz Bz.IVü engine was needed for reconnaissance aircraft.

Operators

Military operators

;flag|German Empire
* "Luftstreitkräfte";POL
* Polish Air Force (2 aircraft postwar)

Civil operators

;flag|United States|1912
* Paramount Pictures property manager Louis Kinnell took one airframe to the shops of Chaffee Junior College and restored it to flying condition. This aircraft was kept at Dycer Field (Los Angeles, California) and was flown without registration for a short time in 1939.

pecifications

aircraft specification

plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop
crew=One
length main=21 ft
length alt=6.35 m
span main=29 ft 6 in
span alt=9.00 m
height main=8 ft 10 in
height alt=2.70 m
area main=233.6 ft²
area alt=21.70 m²
empty weight main=
empty weight alt=
loaded weight main=
loaded weight alt=
max takeoff weight main=1,989 lb
max takeoff weight alt=902 kg
engine (prop)=Mercedes D.IIIaü
type of prop=
number of props=1
power main=180 hp
power alt=134 kW
max speed main=106 mph
max speed alt=170 km/h
range main=
range alt=
ceiling main=18,500 ft
ceiling alt= 5,640 m
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=
loading alt=
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
armament=
* 2x 7.92 mm LMG 08/15 "Spandau" machine guns

ee also

aircontent
related=

similar aircraft=

sequence=

lists=
* List of military aircraft of Germany
* List of fighter aircraft
see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Herris, Jack. "Pfalz Aircraft of World War I (Great War Aircraft in Profile, Volume 4)". Boulder, Colorado: Flying Machine Press, 2001. ISBN 1-891268-15-5.
* Stark, Rudolf. "Wings of War: A German Airman's Diary of the Last Year of the Great War". Florence, Alabama: Greenhill Books, 1988. ISBN 0-947898-96-4.
* Weyl, A.R. "Fokker: The Creative Years". London: Conway Maritime Press, 1988. ISBN 0-851778-17-8.