Juraj Jánošík

Juraj Jánošík (first name also "Juro" or " Jurko", modern pronunciation: IPA|/'juraj 'jaːnʃiːk/, modern pronunciation: IPA|/'jɛʒɨ ja'nɕik/, _hu. György Jánosik, _pl. Juraj Janosik), baptised January 25, 1688, died March 17, 1713, was a famous Slovak outlaw, also described as the "Slovak Robin Hood". [cite book
last = Yale
first = Richmond
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans
publisher = Intercultural Press
date = 1995
location =
pages = 96
url = http://www.interculturalpress.com/store/pc/viewPrd.asp?idcategory=0&idproduct=42
isbn = 978-1-877864-30-8]

Jánošík has been topic of many Slovak and Polish legends, books and films. According to the legend, he robbed nobles and gave the loot to the poor. The legend were also known in neighboring Silesia, the Margraviate of Moravia and later spread to the Kingdom of Bohemia. The actual robber had little to do with the modern legend, whose content partly reflects the ubiquitous folk myths of a hero taking from the rich and giving to the poor. However, the legend was also shaped in important ways by the activists and writers in the 19th century when Jánošík became the key highwayman character in stories that spread in the north counties of the Kingdom of Hungary (present Slovakia) and among the local Gorals and Polish tourists in the Podhale region north of the Tatras (Tátra). The image of Jánošík as a symbol of resistance to oppression was reinforced when poems about him became part of the Slovak and Czech middle and high school literature curriculum, and then again with the numerous films that propagated his modern legend in the 20th century. During the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising, one of the partisan groups bore his name.

Biography

The actual future highwayman Juraj Jánošík was probably born shortly before his baptism on January 25, 1688. Another baptismal entry in the records of his parish for a Juraj Jánošík was on May 16, 1688. His parents then would be either Martin Jánošík and Anna Čišníková, or Michal Jánošík and Barbara Cingel. There are also two or three less likely baptismal entries that could relate to this particular highwayman. His first name, ("George" in English) has been a very common name all over Europe and his last name is still common around his birthplace.

Jánošík was born and most certainly grew up in the village of Terchová (Tyerhova) in the Habsburg monarchy's Kingdom of Hungary area, ("present-day northwestern Slovakia"). He fought with the Kuruc insurgents when he was fifteen. After the lost Battle of Trenčín, Jánošík was recruited by the Habsburg army. [ [http://www.osobnosti.sk/index.php?os=zivotopis&ID=59032 Juraj Jánošík | osobnosti.sk | životopisy, diela, tvorba, články, linky ] ] As a young prison officer in Bytča (Nagybiccse), he helped the imprisoned Tomáš Uhorčík escape. They created a forest robber group and Jánošík became their leader at the age of 23. They were active mostly in northwestern Kingdom of Hungary (today's Slovakia), around the Váh (Vág) river between Važec (Vázsec) and Východná (Vichodna), [ [http://www.terchova-info.sk/novinka_detail.php?id=012 Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? | Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk ] ] but the territory of their activity extended also to other parts of today's Slovakia, as well as to Poland and Moravia. [ [http://www.osobnosti.sk/index.php?os=zivotopis&ID=59032 Juraj Jánošík | osobnosti.sk | životopisy, diela, tvorba, články, linky ] ] Most of their victims were rich merchants. Under Jánošík's leadership, the group was exceptionally chivalrous: They did not kill any of the robbed victims and even helped an accidentally injured priest. [ [http://www.terchova-info.sk/novinka_detail.php?id=012 Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? | Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk ] ] They are also said to share their loot with the poor and this part of the legend may be based on the facts too. [ [http://www.terchova-info.sk/novinka_detail.php?id=012 Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? | Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk ] ]

Jánošík was captured in the fall of 1712 and detained at the Mansion of Hrachov, but was released soon afterwards. He was captured again in spring of 1713, in a pub run by Tomáš Uhorčík, living undercover in Klenovec (Klenóc) at that time. According to a widespread legend, he was caught after slipping on spilled peas, thrown in his way by a treacherous old lady. Jánošík was imprisoned and tried in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš (Liptószentmiklós, present Liptovský Mikuláš).

His trial took place on March 16 and March 17, 1713 when he was sentenced to death. The date of his execution was not recorded, but it was customary to carry it out as soon as the trial was over. The manner of his execution, not in public awareness until the early 19th century, became part of his modern legend. A hook was pierced through his left side and he was left dangling on the gallows to die. This brutal way of execution was reserved for leaders of robber bands. [ [http://www.terchova-info.sk/novinka_detail.php?id=012 Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? | Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk ] ] A legend says that he refused the grace offered in exchange for enlisting soldiers of his abilities with the words: "If you have baked me so you should also eat me!" and jumped on the hook. [ [http://www.sni.edu.pl/janosik/about.htm About Janosik ] ]

Other members of Jánošík's group

* Vrabel and Huncik (so-called Turiak) from Staškov (Sztaskó)
* Jakub Chliastkov from Oščadnica (Ócsad)
* Ondas from Dlhá nad Kysucou (Dlhavölgy)
* Ondrej Kindis from Dlhé Pole (Dlhepole)
* Plavcik from Dunajov (Dunajó)
* Pavol Bernatik from Nová Bystrica (Újbeszterce)
* Kovalsky and Bagaj from Raková (Trencsénrákó)
* Kovalcik, Holubek and Valiciak from Moravia
* Gavora, Satora and Oresiak from Poland

Jánošík in film

* 1921 "Jánošík" – first Slovak feature film; financed by Slovak-American Tatra Film Co.; director: Jaroslav Jerry Siakeľ, Jánošík: Theodor Pištěk. (Based on this film UNESCO registers Slovakia as the tenth national cinema in the world that began to produce feature films). [ [http://www.kinokultura.com/specials/3/votruba.shtml#cz1918 Martin Votruba, Historical and Cultural Background of Slovak Filmmaking] ]
* 1935 "Jánošík" – Slovak and Czech film; director: Martin Frič, Jánošík: Paľo Bielik.
* 1954 "Janosik" – first Polish animation; director: Włodzimierz Haupe and Halina Bielińska.
* 1963 "Jánošík I" and "II" – Slovak film; director: Paľo Bielik, Jánošík: František Kuchta.
* 1974 "Janosik" – Polish film; director: Jerzy Passendorfer, Jánošík: Marek Perepeczko.
* 1974 "Janosik" – Polish 13-episode TV series; director: Jerzy Passendorfer, Jánošík: Marek Perepeczko.
* 1976 "Highwayman Jurko / Zbojník Jurko" – Slovak animated film; director: Viktor Kubal.
* 1991 "Highwayman Jurošík / Zbojník Jurošík" – Slovak 28-episode animated TV series; director: Jaroslav Baran.
* 2003 unfinished project — "The True Story of Juraj Jánošík and Tomáš Uhorčík / Pravdivá história o Jurajovi Jánošíkovi a Tomášovi Uhorčíkovi / Prawdziwa historia Janosika i Uhorcika" – Slovak-Polish-Czech coproduction; director: Agnieszka Holland and Kasia Adamik, Jánošík: Václav Jiráček.

Jánošík in literature

* 1785 Slovak – Anon., "An Excellent Sermon by a Certain Preacher in the Days of the Chief Highwayman Jánošík." "Staré nowiny liternjho uměnj," May 1785.
* 1809 Slovak – Bohuslav Tablic, "Jánošík, the Highwayman of Liptov County." "Slowensstj Werssowcy. Collecta revirescunt. Swazek druhý."
* 1814 Slovak – Pavol Jozef Šafárik, "Celebrating Slavic Lads." "Tatranská Můza s ljrau Slowanskau."
* 1829 Slovak lower nobleman in German – Johann Csaplovics, "Robbers." "Gemälde von Ungern."
* 1845 Slovak lower nobleman – Štefan Marko Daxner, "Jánošík's Treasure." "Orol Tatránski."
* 1846 Slovak – Ján Botto, "Jánošík's Song." "Holubica, Zábavník Levočskích Slovákou."
* 1846 Slovak – Samo Chalupka, "Jánošík's Contemplation." "Orol Tatránski."
* 1862 Ján Botto, "The Death of Jánošík. A Romance." "Lipa." — A key poem in Slovak literature and culture.
* 1867 Slovak lower nobleman – Jonáš Záborský, "Jánošík's Dinner. A Play in Four Acts With an Historical Background." A supplement to the journal "Sokol."
* 1875 Hungarian – "Jánosik and a Snitch." "Nyitramegyei Szemle."
* 1884 Polish – August Wrześniowski, "A Story About Janosik." "Pamięci Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego."
* 1884 Czech – Alois Jirásek, "About Jánošík." "Staré pověsti české."
* 1893 American in Slovak – Dobrý Slovák, "Jánošík, the Lad of Freedom: A Legend of Times Gone By."
* 1894 American in Slovak – Gustáv Maršall-Petrovský, "Jánošík, Captain of Mountain Lads – His Tumultuous Life and Horrific Death. A Novel." — A source of the screeenplay for the 1921 Slovak film "Jánošík".
* 1900 American – George J. Krajsa, "Janosik."
* 1905 Polish – Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, "The Legend of Janosik's Death." "Poezje."
* 1910 Czech – Jiří Mahen, "Jánošík." — A play, a source of the screeenplay for the 1921 Slovak film "Jánošík".
* 1933 Slovak – Ján Hrušovský, "Jánošík." "Slovenská politika." — Narrative newspaper strips published later as a novel.
* 1937 Polish – Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski, "Janosik of Terchová."
* 1943 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, "Jánošík: A Rhymed Play in Five Acts."
* 1947 Polish – Stanisław Nedza-Kubiniec, "Janosik: A Poem About the Highwayman who Wanted to Make the World Equal."
* 1955 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, "Tales about Jánošík."
* 1958 Polish – Jalu Kurek, "Janosik..."
* 1964 German – Käthe Altwallstädt, "Janosik and the Students." "Die blaue Rose: Märchen aus Polen."
* 1969 Polish – Katarzyna Gaertner, music, and Ernest Bryll, lyrics, "Painted on Glass." — A musical whose Bratislava production had the longest run in the history of Slovak theater.
* 1970 Slovak – Stanislav Štepka, "Jááánošííík." — A spoof and the Slovak play with the longest run.
* 1972 Polish – Tadeusz Kwiatkowski, "Janosik." — A graphic novel.
* 1972 Serbian in Slovak – Štefan Gráf, "Jur Jánošiak." — Parallel publication in Serbia (Yugoslavia) and Slovakia (Czechoslovakia).
* 1976 Polish – Viera Gašparíková and Teresa Komorowska, "Highwaymen's Bounty. Polish and Slovak Tales from the Tatras."
* 1979 Slovak – Ľubomír Feldek, "Jánošík According to Vivaldi." — A spoof play.
* 1980 Slovak – Margita Figuli, "A Ballad of Jur Jánošík."
* 1980 Slovak – Ladislav Ťažký, "Jánošík's Tear."
* 1984 Polish – Andrzej Kijowski, "About A Good Commander and Ironcald Champion."
* 1985 American – John H. Hausner, "Jánošík, We Remember!" And Other Poems."
* 1993 Ukrainian in Polish – Василь Iванович Сави, "Яносик, польська народна казка." — A picture book.
* 1994 Slovak – Anton Marec, "Jánošík, Jánošík... (33 Legends About the Famous Highwayman Commander.)"
* 2007 Polish – Sebastian Miernicki, "Pan Samochodzik i Janosik."

References

External links

* http://www.iarelative.com/history/janosik.htm