Kalikata

Kalikata ( _bn. কলিকাতা) was one of the three villages which were merged to form the city of Kolkata (formerly, Calcutta) in India. The other two villages were Gobindapur and Sutanuti. Job Charnock, an administrator with the British East India Company is traditionally credited with the honour of founding the city. He settled in the village of Sutanuti.

Kalikata was much less important than Sutanuti and Gobindapur, and this, along with the consequent abundance of space, afforded the British room to settle there.Cotton, H.E.A., "Calcutta Old and New", 1909/1980, p. 1, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.] While both Sutanati and Gobindapur appear on old maps like Thomas Bowrey’s of 1687 and George Herron’s of 1690, Kalikata situated between the two is not depicted.Cotton, H.E.A., p. 11] However, one variant of the name, ‘Kalkata’, is shown in Abul Fazal’s Ain-i-Akbari (around 1590).

Job Charnock landed at Sutanuti on 24 August 1690 with the objective of establishing the company’s Bengal headquarters. As Kalikata did not have any settled native population, it was easy for the British to occupy the site. In 1696, construction of old Fort William began (near the site of the present day General Post Office) without legal title to the land. Legal title was eventually secured on 10 November 1698 when Charles Eyere, Job Charnock’s son-in-law and ultimate successor, acquired the zemindari (land-holding) rights from the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family, the zemindars (land lords) of the area.

In Colonel Mark Wood’s map of 1784, published in 1792 by William Baillie, Dhee or Dihi (meaning village or group of villages) Kalikata is shown as extending from Jorabagan Ghat to Baboo ghat. [ Cotton, H.E.A., p. 17 ]

Kalikata was called ‘Calcutta’ by the British and the metropolis that grew around it acquired that name; it was renamed Kolkata in 2001 as per the colloquial Bengali version of the name.

White Town

According to H.E.A.Cotton, “The pivot of the settlement must be sought in what is now Dalhousie Square, but was then known as the Lall Bagh or Park. In the centre was the Lall Dighi, or great Tank, which has been in existence before the coming of Charnock within what was the cutcherry (court-house) of the former zemindars (landlords)… There was no Strand Road, and the waves of the Hooghly lapped the ramparts of the Fort. To the south there extended from Koila Ghat to Chandpal Ghat the mouth of a creek, navigable for large boats, which passed along Hastings Street and made way through Creek Row and Wellington Square to Beliaghata near the Salt Lakes… Beyond Chitpore Road, which formed the eastern boundary of the settlement, lay more pools, swamps and rice-fields, dotted here and there with the struggling huts of fishermen, falconers, wood-cutters, weavers and cultivators.” [ Cotton, H.E.A., pp. 18-19 ] That in short was Kalikata in the early 18th century. As Calcutta became settled Sutanuti was gradually abandoned by the English as a place of abode. [ Cotton, H.E.A., p. 34 ]

As the English withdrew to ‘White Town’ restricted mostly to the north of the old fort, the sharp division was sealed with ‘Black Town’ spread over Sutanuti, Chitpur and Gobindapur.Lahiri Choudhury, Dhriti Kanta,"Trends in Calcutta Architecture", in "Calcutta, the Living City", Vol I, pp. 156-160, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195636961.]

Battles fought around Kalikata

Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, was alarmed by the growing prosperity and enhanced fortifications of Kolkata. In 1756, he decided to attack Kolkata. After capturing Kolkata, Siraj ud-Daula named it Alinagar, after his grandfather Alivardi Khan. The name of Kolkata was restored in 1758, after the British regained control of Bengal. “To the English indeed, the sack of Kolkata must have appeared little short of devastation. But in fact, of the four contiguous villages of Gobindapur, Kalikata, Sutanuti and Chitpur, only Kalikata or ‘White’ Calcutta suffered extensively… The Black Town escaped major damage, except the burning down of Barabazar… Gobindapur had been fired by the English themselves.” The English evacuees set up temporary quarters at Falta, some 40 miles downstream. What followed was a series of skirmishes finally leading to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 and the establishment of British power in Bengal. [ Sinha, Pradip, "Siraj’s Calcutta", in "Calcutta, the Living City", Vol I, pp. 8-9, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195636961]

The re-establishment of British power was followed by the construction of the new Fort William, in 1758 and the demolition of Gobindapur. The Indians moved out mostly to the north. European inhabitants gradually forsook the narrow limits of the old palisades and moved to around the Maidan. [ Cotton, H.E.A., p. 72. ]

The most important public buildings and imposing private houses lined the northern side of the Esplanade, facing the Maidan on the south. “Esplanade Row,” wrote Mrs. Fay, “seems to be composed of palaces.” The movement of the white population was then directed towards Chaurangi, then a small village, and away from such areas as Baitakkhana (Bowbazar), Dharmatala and Janbazar. The latter areas were taken over by ‘the rest’, which included half-castes, Portuguese, Armenians and so on, to become a grey area between Black and White towns.

With the passage of time, as the metropolis grew it absorbed the village of Kalikata and it lost its identity, except in the books of history.

References

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