Table of limits

Table of limits

This is a table of limits for common functions. Note that "a" and "b" are constants with respect to "x".

Limits for general functions

:mbox{If }lim_{x o c} f(x) = L_1 mbox{ and }lim_{x o c} g(x) = L_2 mbox{ then:}

::lim_{x o c} , [f(x) pm g(x)] = L_1 pm L_2

::lim_{x o c} , [f(x)g(x)] = L_1 imes L_2

::lim_{x o c} frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = frac{L_1}{L_2} qquad mbox{ if } L_2 e 0

::lim_{x o c} , f(x)^n = L_1^n qquad mbox{ if }n mbox{ is a positive integer}

::lim_{x o c} , f(x)^{1 over n} = L_1^{1 over n} qquad mbox{ if }n mbox{ is a positive integer, and if } n mbox{ is even, then } L_1 > 0

:lim_{x o c} frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = lim_{x o c} frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)} qquad mbox{ if } lim_{x o c} f(x) = lim_{x o c} g(x) = 0 mbox { or } lim_{x o c} |g(x)| = +infty (L'Hôpital's rule)

imple functions

:lim_{x o c} a = a

:lim_{x o c} x = c

:lim_{x o c} ax + b = ac + b

:lim_{x o c} x^r = c^r qquad mbox{ if } r mbox{ is a positive integer}

:lim_{x o 0^+} frac{1}{x^r} = +infty

:lim_{x o 0^-} frac{1}{x^r} = left{ egin{matrix} -infty, & mbox{if } r mbox{ is odd} \ +infty, & mbox{if } r mbox{ is even}end{matrix} ight.

Logarithmic and exponential functions

:mbox{For } a > 1: ,

::lim_{x o 0^+} log_a x = -infty

::lim_{x o infty} log_a x = infty

::lim_{x o -infty} a^x = 0

::lim_{x o infty} a^x = infty

Trigonometric functions

:lim_{x o a} sin x = sin a

:lim_{x o a} cos x = cos a

:lim_{x o 0} frac{sin x}{x} = 1

:lim_{x o 0} frac{1-cos x}{x} = 0

:lim_{x o 0} frac{1-cos x}{x^2} = frac{1}{2}

:lim_{x o n^{pm an (pi x + frac{pi}{2}) = mpinfty qquad mbox{ for any integer } n

Near infinities

:lim_{x oinfty}N/x=0 mbox{ for any real N}
:lim_{x oinfty}x/N=egin{cases} infty, & N > 0 \ mbox{does not exist}, & N = 0 \ -infty, & N < 0 end{cases}
:lim_{x oinfty}x^N=egin{cases} infty, & N > 0 \ 1, & N = 0 \ 0, & N < 0 end{cases}
:lim_{x oinfty}N^x=egin{cases} infty, & N > 1 \ 1, & N = 1 \ 0, & N < 1 end{cases}
:lim_{x oinfty}N^{-x}=lim_{x oinfty}1/N^{x}=0 mbox{ for any } N > 1
:lim_{x oinfty}sqrt [x] {N}=egin{cases} 1, & N > 0 \ 0, & N = 0 \ mbox{does not exist}, & N < 0 end{cases}
:lim_{x oinfty}sqrt [N] {x}= infty mbox{ for any } N > 0
:lim_{x oinfty}log x=infty
:lim_{x o0^+}log x=-infty


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