Planthopper

Taxobox
name = Planthopper

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image_caption = "Siphanta acuta"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Insecta
ordo = Hemiptera
subordo = Auchenorrhyncha
infraordo = Fulgoromorpha
superfamilia = Fulgoroidea
subdivision_ranks = Families
subdivision = many; see text

A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha within the Hemiptera. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and from the fact that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, these planthoppers generally walk very slowly so as not to attract attention. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though surprisingly few are considered pests. The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other members of the classical "Homoptera" by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

Nymphs of many Fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.C. H. Dietrich in Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. (Eds.) 2003 Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press.]

Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding. [Lee "et al." (2000) Phytoplasmas: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology 54 221-255]

Classification

As mentioned under Auchenorrhyncha, some authors use the name Archaeorrhyncha as a replacement for the Fulgoromorpha.

The extant families of Fulgoroidea are:

*Acanaloniidae
*Achilidae
*Achilixiidae
*Cixiidae
*Delphacidae
*Derbidae
*Dictyopharidae
*Eurybrachyidae (= Eurybrachiidae)
*Flatidae
*Fulgoridae
*Gengidae
*Hypochthonellidae
*Issidae (includes Caliscelidae)
*Kinnaridae
*Lophopidae
*Meenoplidae
*Nogodinidae
*Ricaniidae
*Tettigometridae
*Tropiduchidae

References

* Stephen W. Wilson (2005) Keys To The Families Of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Florida Entomologist 88(4) [http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe88p464.pdf PDF]

External Links

* [http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/shrubs/citrus_flatid_planthopper.htm "Metcalfa pruinosa", citrus flatid planthopper] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/palms/Ormenaria_rufifascia.htm "Ormenaria rufifascia", a flatid planthopper] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site