Ludovisi Throne

The Ludovisi Throne is not a throne but a block of white marble hollowed at the back and carved with bas-reliefs on the three outer faces. Its authenticity is debated; the majority, who accept it, place it as Western Greek, from Magna Graecia, and date it— from the Severe style it manifests, transitional between Archaic and Early Classical— to the period about 460 BCE. The Ludovisi Throne has been conserved at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, since its purchase for the Italian State in 1894.

The central relief is most customarily read as Aphrodite rising from the sea, a motif known as Venus Anadyomene (height .9 m, length 1.42 m.). The goddess, in clinging diaphonous draperies, is helped by two attendant Horae standing on the shore, who prepared to veil her with a cloth they jointly hold, which hides her from the waist down. The two reliefs on the flanking sides discreetly turn their backs to the mystery of the central subject. The right relief shows a crouching veiled woman who offers incense from a "thymiaterion" held in her left hand, in an incense burner on a stand. The right slab's dimensions are height .87 m, length .69 m. The other shows a young nude girl, seated with one knee thrown over the other [Most references note the anatomical impossibility of the right thigh's positioning.] who plays the double flute called the "aulos"; her hair is bound in a kerchief. The dimensions of the left slab are height .84 m, length .68 m.

The iconography of the subject is without a parallel in Antiquity, thus the very subject of the relief is in doubt. Alternative views, since the flanking attendants stand on pebbled ground, have been offered: that the emerging figure is that of the ritual robing of a chthonic goddess, probably Persephone, rising from a cleft in the earth— [This suggestion was first made in 1922 by Bernard Ashmole, in "Journal of Hellenic Studies" 42 pp. 248-53.] Pandora is similarly shown in Attic vase-paintings— or of Hera emerging reborn from the waters of Kanathos near Tiryns as "Hera Parthenos". [The comparison with roughly contemporaneous terracotta votive figures at Tiryns of Hera with a square cloth shielding her breasts, was noted by S. Casson, "Hera of Kanathos and the Ludovisi Throne" "The Journal of Hellenic Studies" 40.2 (1920, pp. 137-142) p 139. "The cloth, which is clearly the distinguishing cult-sign in these statuettes, is the symbol of Hera τελεία as opposed to Hera παρθένοσ, whom we may imagine as nude or very lightly clad, and, above all, with her breasts uncovered."]

The Throne was found in 1887, in the formerly extensive grounds of the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, where the ancient gardens of Sallust had been located. It was moved into the Villa Ludovisi [The last Ludovisi constructed the palatial new palazzo that was sold to Queen Margherita and now houses the American Embassy] , whence the name. [The name was given to the sculpture in an 1892 article by E. Petersen in "Römische Mitteilungen, VII, (1892) pp 31-80.] The Ludovisi are a papal family who have been patrons and collectors since the early seventeenth century. Financial difficulties forced a sale of the Ludovisi collections to the Italian State in 1894. The Villa Ludovisi grounds were broken into lots, streets put through and the district developed and unalterably changed (Hatswick 2004). Conclusions about the object's original purpose, the meaning of its reliefs and its place of facture are all debated, but in 1982 it was securely linked to a newly-studied temple at Marasa, near Locri, [Ashmole had linked it to a foundation at Locri in 1922; it was his figure on p. 252.] an Ionic temple of Aphrodite that was rebuilt internally in 480 BCE. A reconstruction of the throne was shown to fit exactly into remaining blocks in the temple's foundations, and it has been suggested that terracotta votive plaques, or "pinakes", of cults at Lokri Epizefiri, are the only stylistic parallel to the Throne (Terra 1997).

The only other representations of the female nude at this period (c. 460) are on Attic pottery. Criticisms of anomalies in anatomy and detail and doubts of the Ludovisi Throne's authenticity were summed up by Jerome Eisenberg in a 1996 article in "Minerva", which asserted, in part, that the "hetaira" flute-player was derived from a late-sixth-century BCE "psykter" by Euphronius, published in 1857 in the Hermitage from the Campana collection. Eisenberg noted that the much-later Roman representation of Penelope mourning for Ulysses is the only iconological type in classical sculpture which depicts a woman with legs crossed: the Penelope is fully clothed.

The Ludovisi Throne's less accomplished twin, the Boston Throne in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which appeared in 1894, shortly after the Ludovisi auction and was bought by the connoisseur Edward Perry Warren, who donated it to Boston, is widely doubted. A conference at Palazzo Grassi, Venice, 1996, compared the two objects. Currently it is not on exhibition at Boston. If it is not a forgery of c. 1894, it may be a Roman sculpture designed to complete the Greek one in a setting in the gardens of Sallust.

Notes

References

* [http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStudentProjects/96-97/9341361t/project/htm/intro.htm Melissa M. Terras, 1997. "The Ludovisi and Boston Throne: a Comparison"] A thorough website entirely devoted to the Ludovisi Throne and the Boston Throne.
*Kim J. Hartswick, 2004. "The Gardens of Sallust. A Changing Landscape" (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press) A first exploration of the gardens and the site of the Villa Ludovisi.
*H. H. Powers, 1923. "The 'Ludovisi Throne' and the Boston Relief" "The Art Bulletin", 5.4 (June 1923), pp 102-108.
*Bernard Ashmole and William J. Young, 1968. "The Boston Relief and the Ludovisi Throne", "Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts", 66 no. 346, pp 124-66.