Torsion pendulum clock

A torsion pendulum clock, or torsion clock, is a mechanical clock which keeps time with a mechanism called a torsion pendulum. This is a weighted disk or wheel, often a decorative wheel with 3 or 4 chrome balls on ornate spokes, suspended by a thin wire or ribbon called a torsion spring. The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum. The force of the twisting torsion spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the torsion pendulum oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise. The clock's gears apply pulses of torque to the top of the torsion spring to keep the wheel going. The wheel and torsion spring function similarly to a watch's balance wheel and hairspring, as a harmonic oscillator to control the rate of the clock's hands.

Torsion clocks are usually delicate, ornamental, spring-wound mantel clocks. The polished clock mechanism is exposed under a glass case or dome, to allow people to watch the torsion pendulum turn. Clocks of this style, first made by Anton Harder around 1880, [cite web | title=Four Hundred Day Clock |work=Encyclopedia of Antiques | publisher=Old and Sold Antique Marketplace | url=http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/clocks-f.shtml | accessdate=2008-04-20] are also known as 400-day or anniversary clocks, because many of them only have to be wound once a year.

Torsion clocks are capable of running much longer between windings than clocks with an ordinary pendulum, because the torsion pendulum rotates slowly and takes little energy. However they are difficult to set up and are usually not as accurate as clocks with ordinary pendulums. One reason is that the oscillation period of the torsion pendulum changes with temperature due to temperature-dependent change in elasticity of the spring. The rate of the clock can be made faster or slower by an adjustment screw mechanism on the torsion pendulum that moves the weight balls in or out from the axis. The closer in the balls are, the smaller the moment of inertia of the torsion pendulum and the faster it will turn, like a spinning ice skater who pulls in her arms. This causes the clock to speed up.

One oscillation of the torsion pendulum usually takes 12, 15, or 20 seconds. [cite mailing list
last = Hubby
first = John
authorlink =
title = Horolovar Springs-Hooks Law
mailinglist = 400-Day, Atmos and other Torsion Clocks, NAWCC
date = 08:44:46 16 Jan 2007
url = http://www.nawcc-mb.com/bbv2/bbBoard.cgi?a=viewthread;fid=7;gtid=11816;pagenumber=2
accessdate = ] The escapement mechanism, that changes the rotational motion of the clock's gears to pulses to drive the torsion pendulum, works rather like an anchor escapement. A crutch device at the top of the torsion spring engages a lever with two anchor-shaped arms; the arms in turn alternately engage the teeth of the escape wheel. As the anchor releases a tooth of the escape wheel, the lever, which is fixed to the anchor, moves to one side and, via the crutch, gives a small twist to the top of the torsion spring. This is just enough to keep the oscillation going.

The Atmos clock, made by Jaeger LeCoulter, is a type of torsion clock which doesn't need to be wound or powered at all. The mainspring which turns the clock's wheels is kept wound by small changes in atmospheric pressure and/or local temperature, using a bellows mechanism. Thus no winding key or battery is needed, and it can run for years without human intervention.

History

The torsion pendulum was invented by Robert Leslie in 1793. [cite web | title=Torsion Pendulum |work=Encyclopedia of Antiques | publisher=Old and Sold Antique Marketplace | url=http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/clocks-t.shtml | accessdate=2008-04-20] The torsion pendulum clock was first invented and patented by American Aaron Crane in 1841.cite web
last = Connolly
first = John
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = History of Torsion Suspension Clocks
work =
publisher = Clocks Canada
date = 2007
url = http://www.clockscanada.com/
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-06-01] He made clocks that would run up to 1 year on a winding. He also attempted to make precision astronomical regulator clocks based on the torsion pendulum, but only 4 sold.

The German Anton Harder apparently independently invented and patented the torsion clock in 1879-1880. He was inspired by watching a hanging chandelier rotate after a servant had turned it to light the candles. He formed the firm Jahresuhrenfabrik ('Year Clock Factory') and designed a clock that would run for a year, but its accuracy was bad. He sold the patent in 1884 to F. A. L. deGruyter of Amsterdam, who allowed the patent to expire in 1887. Other firms entered the market, beginning the German mass production of these clocks.

Although they were successful commercially, torsion clocks remained poor timekeepers. In 1951, Charles Terwilliger of the Horolovar Co. invented a temperature compensating suspension spring, which allowed fairly accurate clocks to be made.

Bowler and Burdick, a Cleveland, USA, jewelry store, patented the name 'Anniversary Clock' in 1901 for use with torsion clocks.

External links

* [http://www.nawcc-ch168.com/ International 400-day Clock Chapter #168, NAWCC] , retrieved Aug. 30, 2007. Torsion clock branch of large clock collectors club. Publishes quarterly journal Torsion Times.
* [http://gallery.webhorology.com/index.php?cat=17 Torsion clock gallery, Horology Web Ring, webhorology.com] , retrieved Aug. 30, 2007. Pictures of torsion clocks from several private collections.
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/batterseaclockshome/sets/72157594309082612/ Torsion clock collection, Battersea Clock Home, Flickr.com] , retrieved Aug. 29, 2007. Pictures of a collection of 30 anniversary clocks in London, UK.
* [http://telavox.blogspot.com/ The Danish Telavox (later Clementa) battery driven torsion pendulum clock.] A collector's guide illustrating the history and varieties of cases and movements from 1942-1977 (?).

Footnotes