Laurices

The term laurices refers to the foetus of the rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus") prepared without evisceration and consumed as a table delicacy. The word is the plural of the Latin word laurex (variant "laurix", n. masc., pl. "laurices"; [ [LEW] .] English singular occasionally "laurice"), assumed to have been borrowed from an Iberian source. [ Bostock adds a footnote to the section: "'Laurices;' we have no explanation of this word in any of the editions of Pliny. Its origin appears to be quite unknown." [BOS] Lewis & Short call it "Baleric". [LEW] ] The word is normally found in the plural number, since, due to their size, more than one would be served at a time. The rabbit was adopted by the Romans from Hispania, whence it spread over western Europe, as did likewise the custom of consuming laurices. ["...désigne un met en faveur chez les Ibères et qui consiste en fœtus ou lapereaux nouveau-nés consommés entiers et qui est adopté par les Romains, plutôt snobs en matière de nourriture." [CERB] ]

As the domestication of rabbits became established, the source of laurices was extended to newborns, because it became possible to harvest them without sacrificing the breeding doe, the time of birth being able to be monitored.

Earliest Historical Mention

The first known mention of this gastronomic speciality is with Pliny the Elder (23—79) in his "Naturalis Historia" :cquote
Leporum generis sunt et quos hispania cuniculos appellat, fecunditatis innumerae famemque baliarum insulis populatis messibus adferentis. - (fetus ventri exectos vel uberibus ablatos, non repurgatis interaneis, gratissimo in cibatu habent; laurices vocant)...." [ [MAY] .]

There is also a species of hare, in Spain, which is called the rabbit; it is extremely prolific, and produces famine in the Balearic Islands, by destroying the harvests. The young ones, either when cut from out of the body of the mother, or taken from the breast, without having the entrails removed, are considered a most delicate food; they are then called laurices. [ [BOS] ]

Gregory of Tours

The consumption of laurices during the fast of Lent is mentioned by Gregory of Tours ("ca." 538—594) in his "Historia Francorum" ("History of the Franks"), Book V, 4:cquote
In these days Roccolenus being sent by Chilperic came to Tours ...Now these were the days of holy Lent during which he often ate young rabbits.Since Roccolenus is described by Gregory as being an impious rascal, Gregory's mention of this practice has been interpreted as disapprobation.

Pope Gregory the First

It is said that Pope Gregory I authorized the consumption of laurices during Lent and other fasts, declaring them to be a "marine" species, like fish or shellfish. For this reason there was a great burgeoning of cuniculture in monasteries during the early middle ages. [ [ALBC] , [CERB] , [FAO] .] . The demand would have been high, considering that the ecclesiastical calendar of the time specified more than 180 fast days which religionists had to observe. The economics of cuniculture are also thought well suited to the monastic setting. [ [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00563.x "Journal of Fish Biology", Volume 65 Page 1. December 2004. ] ]

Bibliography

* [BOS] Pliny the Elder. Bostock, John, and H.T. Riley, eds. "The Natural History", 2nd Ed., 1855. Book VIII: "The Nature Of The Terrestrial Animals", Chapter 81(55): "The Different Species Of Hares." [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&query=head%3D%23414 Online version at Perseus] .
* [MAY] Pliny the Elder, "Naturalis Historia" (ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff.) Lipsiae [Leipzig] : Teubner. 1906. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138&query=chapter%3D%23636 Online version at Perseus] .
* [LEW Lewis, Charlton T. and Charles Short, "A Latin Dictionary". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=Latin Online version at Perseus] .
* [ZEU] Zeuner, Frederick Everard. "A History of Domesticated Animals". New York: Harper & Row. 1963.

ee also

*Cuniculture

External links

* [ALBC] [http://albc-usa.org/cpl/rabbits.html The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy: Rabbits] Classification by Pope Gregory the Great. Site accessed 2007-02-08.
* [CERB] [http://cerb.free.fr/accueil_encyclopedie_racesbelges_lapins_lesorigines.htm Club des Eleveurs de Races Belges de Ronquières en Belgique.]
* [FAO] Lebas, F. et. al. "The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health and Production". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 1986. Online version at [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5082E/X5082E03.htm#Historical%20background] .

References