Photozincography

Photozincography, known commercially as Zinco is the photographic process developed by Sir Henry James (Ordnance Survey) FRS (1803-1877) in the mid-nineteenth century.

This method enabled the accurate reproduction of images, manuscript text and outline engravings, which proved invaluable when originally used to create maps during the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain during the 1850s, carried out by the government's Topographical Department, headed by Colonel Sir Henry James [Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1859-1860; Vol IV, Session IV: Earl De Grey’s Address; pages 109-210]

Basis

The foundation of this method is the insolubility of bichromate of potash upon exposure to light, allowing the printing of images on to zinc from photographic negatives.

Method

At this time, high-contrast negatives were made using the wet plate Collodion method (a solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetone on glass). Once the negative had been made, a sheet of thin tracing paper was coated in a mixture of saturated bichromate of potash solution and gum water, and dried. This was then placed under the photographic negative and exposed to light for 2–3 minutes. The potash/gum mixture remained soluble on the parts of the tracing paper that were shielded from light by the opaque areas of the negative, allowing it to be removed, leaving an insoluble ‘positive’ image. This bichromate positive was then placed on a sheet of zinc covered in lithographic ink, and put through a printing press three or four times. After removal of the paper, the zinc plate was washed in a tray of hot water (containing a small amount of gum), using a camel-hair brush to remove all the soluble bichromate combined with ink. What remained on the zinc plate was a perfect representation in ink of the original composition, by virtue of the ink binding to the insoluble bichromate of potash.

The main advantage and innovation of this process over lithography was the use of zinc plates rather than stone ones. Zinc plates were lighter, easier to transport, could produce more prints and were far less brittle than the stone plates originally used. [T. Owen & E. Pilbeam, "Ordnance Survey: Map Makers to Britain since 1791",(Southampton: Ordnance Survey; London: H.M.S.O., 1992), p.58] The use of zinc plates was also the origin of the name Photozincography which Sir Henry James claims to have come up with.

History

Zinco or Photozincography developed at the Ordnance Survey out of a need to reduce large scale maps more effectively. The Original method, using a machine called a "pantagraph", was overly complicated, time consuming and, due to the number of moving parts, inaccurate. While there was some concern that photography would distort the image, Sir Henry set out to explore the possibility of using photography, setting up a photography department at the Ordnance Survey in 1855 and also securing funds to build the "glasshouse", a photography building with an all glass roof to allow as much natural light in as possible for photography. [T. Owen & E. Pilbeam, "Ordnance Survey: Map Makers to Britain since 1791", (Southampton: Ordnance Survey; London: H.M.S.O., 1992), pp.57-60] The development and discovery of Photozincography or Zinco came about 4 years later, being first mentioned in Sir Henry's report to Parliament in 1859.

While the Ordnance Survey's Directory General Henry James (Ordnance Survey) claimed to have invented the process, a similar system of document copying had been developed in Australia. A Mr. Osborne developed a similar process for use in Australia and for the same reasons as Sir Henry, to avoid using the tracing system of the pantagraph. [G. Wakemen, "Aspects of Victorian Lithography", (Wymondham: Brewhouse press, 1970), pp. 46-49 ] While developed at the same time Sir Henry’s process, however as Sir Henry explained to a representative of Mr. Osborne in the quote below, he publicized it first.

I therefore handed this gentleman a copy of my Report, and desired him to read the account given of our process at page 6 of that Report, and to examine the copy of the Deed bound up with it, and not to show me the description of Mr. Osborne's process if it was differed from ours. After reading it, he said at once it was the same process, and I then told him it was useless for him to attempt to take out a patent as my printed Report had everywhere been circulated [Capt. A. de. Scott: On Photozincography and other photographic processes employed at the ordnance survey office, Southampton. Cited in G. Wakeman, "Aspect of Victorian Lithography," p. 46]

Sir Henry, despite being the person who oversaw and set up the photography department, was not the actual inventor. The head of the photography department at Southampton, Captain A. de. Scott, did much of the ground work and basic development on photozincography. Sir Henry did acknowledge the work of Captain A. de. Scott in the development and use of the system in the introduction to the Photozincographied Domesday Book. [H. James, "Domesday Book, or the Great Survey of England of William the Conqueror… Fac-Simile of the part relating to Cornwall", (Southampton: By HM Command, 1861), p. 2] Despite this it was Sir Henry who gained most of the public attention through his pamphlet on photozincography. He was knighted in 1861 for services to science. [James, Sir Henry (1803-1877) surveyor, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"]

The use of Photozincography at the Ordnance Survey was a great success, with Sir Henry claiming it saved over £2000 a year, from the invention of Photo-zincography; the cost of producing a map of a rural district was reduced from 4 to 1 and maps of towns were reduced from 9 to 1. [The Photographic News Vol 3, 82, 30 March 1860, p360] It was also claimed that up to 2000 or 3000 impressions could be taken from a single plate. Despite this, the process was not perfect: it did not reproduce a full colour picture, and right up until 1875 boys were employed to colour in the maps produced by this method. The process, while better than the pantagraph, still required a large amount of labour to prepare the zinc plates for pressing. However, Photozincography began to be used fairly rapidly in Europe. Sir Henry was even honoured by the Queen of Spain. [G. Wakemen, "Aspects of Victorian Lithography", (Wymondham: Brewhouse press, 1970), p. 45, 49 and 51] Though originally developed to reproduce maps, the process was eventually to be used on a whole series of manuscripts, to preserve them and make them more available to the public. This included a reproduction of the Domesday Book in 1861-64 and several volumes of historical manuscripts. Whilst the process of photo-zincography was invented mostly for use the Ordnance Survey, The Photographic News stated that the process could also be used in the Patent office and would save vast amounts of time and money. [The Photographic News Vol 3, 82, 30 March 1860, p360] The use of Photozincography began to decline in the 1880s as better methods of reproductions were made available and in the 1900s the glasshouse was pulled down to make way for new printing presses.

Gallery

References

ee also

*Henry James (Ordnance Survey)
*Photography
*Photozincography of the Domesday Book
*Gum bichromate