Lidia Zamenhof

Infobox Person
name = Lidia Zamenhof
birth_date = birth date|1904|1|29
birth_place = Warsaw, Russian Empire
death_date = 1942
death_place = Treblinka
other_names = Lidja
known_for = Activity in Esperanto movement and Bahá'í Faith
religion = Bahá'í Faith
parents = L. L. Zamenhof (1859–1917) Klara Zamenhof (1863–1924)

Lidia Zamenhof (1904–1942) (sometimes Lidja in Esperanto) was the youngest daughter of Dr. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. She was born on January 29, 1904 in Warsaw, then Russian Empire. She was an active promoter of Esperanto, as well as Homaranismo, a form of religious humanism first defined by her father.

Around 1925 she became a member of the Bahá'í Faith.cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Zamenhof, Lidia |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |id= ISBN 1-85168-184-1 |pages= p. 368] She came to the United States in late 1937 to teach that religion as well as Esperanto. In December 1938 she went back to Poland, where she continued to teach and translated many Bahá'í writings.cite web | url = http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_bahai.html | title = Famous Baha'is | publisher = adherents.com | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | date = 2005-12-06] She was killed at the Treblinka extermination camp in the autumn 1942.

Life

Lidia Zamenhof learned Esperanto as a nine year old girl. At the age of fourteen she had already done translations from Polish literature; her first publications appeared several years thereafter. Having completed her university studies in law in 1925, she dedicated herself totally to working for Esperanto. In the same year during the 17th World Congress in 1925 in Geneva she became acquainted with the Bahá'í Faith. Lidia Zamenhof became secretary of the homaranistic Esperanto-Society Concord in Warsaw and often made arrangements for speakers and courses. Starting at the Vienna World Congress in 1924 she attended every World Congress. As an instructor of the Cseh method of teaching Esperanto she made many promotional trips and taught many courses in various countries.

She actively coordinated her work with the student Esperanto movement — in the International Student League, in the UEA, in the Cseh Institute, and in the Bahá'í Faith.

Additionally, Lidia Zamenhof wrote for the journal "Literatura Mondo" (mainly studies on Polish Literature), and also contributed to "Pola Esperantisto", "La Praktiko", "Heroldo de Esperanto", and "Enciklopedio de Esperanto". Her translation of "Quo Vadis" by Sienkiewicz was published in 1933 and is very well known.

In 1937 she went to the United States for a long stay. In December 1938 she had to leave the United States as that country's Immigration Service declined to extend her visa for the illegal "paid labor" of teaching Esperanto. After returning to her homeland she travelled around the country teaching Esperanto and the Bahá'í Faith.

Under the German occupation regime of 1939, her home in Warsaw became part of the Warsaw ghetto. She was arrested under the charge of having gone to the United States to spread anti-Nazi propaganda, [Heller, Wendy "Lidia, The Life of Lidia Zamenhof Daughter of Esperanto", 1985, pp. 234-235] but after a few months, she was released and returned to her home city where she and the rest of her family remained confined. There she endeavored to help others get medicine and food. She was offered help and escape several times by Polish Esperantists but refused in each case. To one Pole, Jozef Arszennik, who offered, she explained, "you and your family could lose your lives, because whoever hides a Jew perishes along with the Jew who is discovered." [Joanna Iwaszkiewicz, Wtedy Kwitły Forsycje, 1993, pp.113] To another, her explanation was contained in her last known letter: "Do not think of putting yourself in danger; I know that I must die but I feel it is my duty to stay with my people. God grant that out of our sufferings a better world may emerge. I believe in God. I am a Bahá'í and will die a Bahá'í. Everything is in His hands." [Heller, Wendy "Lidia, The Life of Lidia Zamenhof Daughter of Esperanto", 1985, pg. 240]

In the end she was swept up in the mass transport to the extermination camp in Treblinka, where she was eventually killed sometime after the summer of 1942.

Memorial

In her memory and honor a meeting was held in 1995 at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in the capital city of the United States, Washington D.C. The meeting called attention to the endeavors by Esperantists to save persecuted Jews during the Second World War.

Works

Translations

#"Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era" by John Ebenezer Esslemont, an extensive book about the Bahá'í Faith;
#"Paris Talks by `Abdu'l-Bahá";
#"Iridiono" by the classic Polish author, Zygmunt Krasiński;
#novellas by Bolesław Prus;
#"Quo Vadis", by Henryk Sienkiewicz;

Original works in Esperanto

* "Man, God, Prophet" (eo:Homo, Dio, Profeto).

Literature about Zamenhof

* (in English) Wendy Heller, "Lidia: The Life of Lidia Zamenhof, Daughter of Esperanto".
* (in Esperanto) Wendy Heller, "Lidia: La vivo de Lidia Zamenhof, filino de Esperanto" (ISBN 978-90-77066-36-2)
* (in Esperanto) Isaj Dratwer, "Lidia Zamenhof. Vivo kaj agado"
* an extensive chapter dedicated to Lidia Zamenhof in the book "La familio Zamenhof" by Zofia Banet-Fornalowa.
* Information about her may be found in a number of publications of the Baha'i Esperanto movement and in a number of other articles.
* Note: as of August 2006 most of this article is a translation from the corresponding article in the Esperanto Vikipedio.

Drama

The documentary drama "Ni vivos!" ("We will live!") by Julian Modest depicts the fate of the Zamenhof family in the Warsaw ghetto.

Notes

External links

* (in English) [http://bahai-library.org/essays/zamenhof.html John Dale - Notes on the life of Lidia Zamenhof]

* (in Esperanto) [http://klausjames.tripod.com/lidiatradukoj.html Esperanto Translations by Lidia Zamenhof and Roan Orloff Stone] "Translations of several important Bahá'í writings in Esperanto."