Asama-Sansō incident

Infobox Historical Event
Event_Name = Asama-Sansō incident

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Image_Caption = The Asama-Sansō lodge surrounded by police during the incident.
AKA =
Participants = United Red Army,
Japanese National Police Agency
Location = Karuizawa, Nagano, Japan
Date = February 19 – 28, 1972
Result = 2 policemen and 1 civilian killed,
5 URA members arrested,
1 hostage freedThe Nihongo|Asama-Sansō incident|あさま山荘事件 was a hostage crisis and police siege in a mountain lodge near Karuizawa, Nagano prefecture, Japan that lasted from February 19, 1972 to February 28, 1972. The police rescue operation on the final day of the standoff was the first marathon live broadcast in Japan, lasting 10 hours and 40 minutes.

The incident began when five members of the United Red Army (URA), following a bloody purge that left 14 members of the group plus one bystander dead, broke into a holiday lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge-keeper as a hostage. A standoff between police and the URA radicals took place, lasting ten days. The lodge was a natural fortress, solidly constructed of thick concrete on a steep hillside with only one entrance, which, along with their guns, enabled the hostage-takers to keep police at a distance.

On February 28, the police stormed the lodge. Two police officers were killed in the assault, but the hostage was rescued and the URA radicals were taken into custody. The incident contributed to a decline in popularity of leftist movements in Japan.

Background

Japan's leftist student movement in the 1960s pervaded Japan's universities, and, by late in the decade, had become very factionalized, competitive, and violent. After a series of incidents in which leftist student groups attacked and injured or killed law enforcement officials and the general public, Japan's national police agency cracked down on the student groups, raiding their hideouts and arresting dozens in 1971 and 1972. Attempting to escape from the police, a core group of radicals from the URA retreated to a compound in Gunma Prefecture during the winter of 1972. [Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, p. 198–201.]

In the second week of February 1972 at the compound, URA's chairman Tsuneo Mori and vice-chairman Hiroko Nagata (sometimes referred to as Yoko Nagata) initiated a violent purge of the group's members. In the purge, Nagata and Mori directed the beating deaths of eight members and one non-member who happened to be present. Six other members were tied to trees outside where they froze to death in the frigid mountain winter air. On February 16, police arrested Mori, Nagata, and six other URA members at the compound or at a nearby village. Five others, armed with rifles and shotguns, managed to escape, fleeing on foot through the mountains towards Karuizawa in nearby Nagano prefecture. The five fugitives were Kunio Bando, 25, a graduate of Kyoto University, Masakuni Yoshino, 23, a senior at Yokohama National University, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, 25, a dropout of Tokyo Suisan University, Jiro Kato, 19, and his brother Saburo Kato, 16. [Schilling, "The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Kyodo, "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", Kyodo, "Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals", Schreiber, p. 201–202.]

Incident

Sighting the police pursuit near the community of Karuizawa on February 19, the five radicals took refuge in a vacation lodge called Asama Sansō (Asama Mountain Villa) owned by Kawai Musical Instruments Manufacturing. The radicals entered the lodge and discovered Yasuko Muta, the 31-year old wife of the lodge's caretaker. She was the only person in the building, as her husband was walking the dog and the lodge's guests had gone ice skating. The radicals took Muta hostage at gunpoint and barricaded the building. [Schreiber, p. 202–205.]

The lodge's structure made it a stronghold. The lodge, named after nearby Mount Asama, was a three-story wood and concrete edifice built into the side of the hill atop an exposed base of steel-reinforced concrete. The upper floor was slightly larger than the two below, giving the lodge a mushroom appearance. The building towered over the steep, snow-covered slopes below and the lodge's windows had heavy outer storm shutters. The building's maze-like floor plan and narrow staircases made it easy for the defenders to block off movement inside the building. The radicals would spend most of their time on the uppermost floor, which contained a kitchen, dining room, tatami-mat sleeping room, and a commanding view of the surrounding valley and hills. [Schreiber, p. 205–206.] The radicals placed large pieces of furniture and futon bedding around the doors and windows and secured them in place with wire. When Muta's husband returned and saw the barricades he realized what had happened and quickly notified police. The police immediately set up roadblocks and surrounded the lodge to cut off any avenues of escape for the radicals inside. [Schreiber, p. 206–207.]

The police decided to wait to see if the radicals would surrender on their own. After three days without a surrender offer from the hostage-takers, the police shut off the electricity to the lodge and set up loudspeakers from which the parents of several of the radicals implored them to surrender, to no avail. One of the participating parents' son had been killed in the purge incident, but both the police and the parent were unaware of this because the purge had not yet become known. [Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, p. 207.]

On February 25, the police began to prepare to assault the lodge. A wrecking ball crane with an armored driver's compartment was positioned near the building and police armed themselves with ladders, heavy mallets, and chainsaws. Muta's husband implored the radicals by loudspeaker to release his wife, but was ignored. On February 27, the police used a baseball pitching machine to bombard the building with rocks to keep the hostage-takers awake all night. [Schreiber, p. 207–208.]

The police moved into position for the assault at 8 a.m. on February 28 and issued a final ultimatum an hour later, which went unheeded by the radicals. At 10 a.m. the wrecking-ball crane began to batter the lodge's walls. The police cautiously approached the building and began to break through the barricades. By noon, the police had occupied the two lower floors, isolating the radicals and Muta on the top floor. [Schreiber, p. 208–209.]

The police experienced difficulty in broaching the radicals' defenses on the top floor and hours later had not made much headway. The police directed high-pressure water hoses at the top floor, gouging-out large holes in the building's walls and drenching the radicals and Muta with cold water. During this time, the radicals kept up continuous gunfire on the assaulting police and threw homemade bombs at them. Two policemen, Shigemitsu Takami, 42, and Hisataka Uchida, 47, were shot and killed and 15 other policemen were injured. A civilian observer who intruded into the area without police permission was also shot, reportedly by the radicals, and fatally wounded. [Kyodo, "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", Kyodo, "Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals", Schreiber, p. 209.]

As darkness fell, the police breached the top floor's barricades and captured one of the Kato brothers. The remaining four radicals burrowed into a pile of futon bedding and refused to surrender. As the police approached them, Kunio Bando shot one of the policemen, Masahiro Endo, in the eye. Endo lost the eye but survived. Eventually, at 6:15 p.m., 280 hours after the incident began, the remaining four radicals were taken into custody and Muta was rescued. Muta was cold but uninjured and told police that her captors had not mistreated her, although they had tied her to a bed during most of the standoff. That same evening, despondent over his son's behavior, Kunio Bando's father hanged and killed himself in his home in Ōtsu, a city near Kyoto. [Schreiber, p. 209–213.]

Media coverage

Throughout the stand-off, the incident was extensively covered by Japanese broadcast media, which gave frequent reports and updates. Muta's photo was shown repeatedly on television. [Schreiber, p. 209–217.]

At 9:40 a.m. on February 28, public broadcaster NHK began live, continuous coverage of the siege that lasted until 8:20 p.m. that night. Ratings for NHK's non-stop coverage averaged 50.8% and peaked at 89.7% at 6:26 p.m. Vehicle traffic was noticeably lighter throughout the day in Tokyo. [Pulvers, "Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy", NHK, "Asama-Sanso Incident", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, p. 209–217.]

Aftermath

The five radicals were charged on six counts: two murders, one attempted murder, obstructing police in the execution of their duties, violation of the Swords and Firearms Control Law, and illegal confinement. Four were sentenced to long prison terms and Hiroshi Sakaguchi was sentenced to death. As of October 1997, Sakaguchi remained in prison awaiting execution. ["Japan Times", "Death-row convict wins libel case", Schreiber, p. 209–217.]

On August 8, 1975 the Japanese government released Kunio Bando and flew him to asylum in Libya in response to demands from URA members who had stormed the American and Swedish embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and taken 53 hostages. Bando later is believed to have assisted in the hijacking of Japan Airlines Flight 472 from Paris to Tokyo in 1977, forcing the jet to land in Dhaka. Bando remains at large and reportedly spent time between 1997 and 2007 in Russia, China, the Philippines, and Japan. [Kyodo",Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources", "Japan Times", "Death-row convict wins libel case", Schreiber, p. 209–217.]

Yasuko Muta remained in the Karuizawa area, working at another lodge. She refused to speak any further about her ordeal since her initial statements to the police and press after she was rescued. [Schreiber, p. 217.]

The incident, along with the Lod Airport massacre which occurred several months later, contributed to an intense social backlash among the population of Japan against radical student leftist groups. Since the incident, the leftist movement in Japan has greatly decreased in numbers and enjoys much less popular support. [Pulvers, "Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy", Nakamura, "'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical", Schreiber, p. 215–216.]

Notes

References

Books

*cite book
last = Schreiber
first = Mark
authorlink =
coauthors =
year = 1996
chapter =
title = Shocking Crimes of Postwar Japan
publisher = Tuttle Publishing
location =
id = ISBN 4900737348

Movies

*imdb title|id=0324296|title=Totsunyûseyo! Asama sansô jiken (The Choice of Hercules) – Masato Harada (2002)
*imdb title|id=0923869|title=United Red Army – Kōji Wakamatsu (2007)

Web

*cite web
last = Japan Times
first =
authorlink = Japan Times
coauthors =
date = October 31, 1997
year =
month =
url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19971031b3.html
title = Death-row convict wins libel case
format =
work =
pages =
publisher = Japan Times
language =
accessdate = 2008-04-25
accessyear =
*cite web
last = Kyodo News
first =
authorlink = Kyodo News
coauthors =
date = May 26, 1998
year =
month =
url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_1998_June_1/ai_50189563
title = Court dismisses death-row inmates' translation appeals
format =
work = FindArticles
pages =
publisher =
language =
accessdate = 2006-07-09
accessyear =
*cite web
last = Kyodo News
first =
authorlink = Kyodo News
coauthors =
date = February 27, 2003
year =
month =
url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_March_3/ai_98259549
title = Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources
format =
work = BNet
pages =
publisher =
language =
accessdate = 2008-04-25
accessyear =
*cite web
last = Nakamura
first = Akemi
authorlink =
coauthors =
date = March 20, 2008
year =
month =
url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20080320r2.html
title = 'We did not leave anything positive,' says ex-radical
format =
work =
pages =
publisher = Japan Times
language =
accessdate = 2008-04-25
accessyear =
*cite web
last = NHK
first =
authorlink = NHK
coauthors =
date =
year =
month =
url = http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p16/index.html
title = Asama-Sanso Incident
format =
work = 50 Years of NHK Television
pages =
publisher = NHK
language =
accessdate = 2006-07-09
accessyear =
*cite web
last = Pulvers
first = Roger
authorlink =
coauthors =
date = February 11, 2007
year =
month =
url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20070211rp.html
title = Mammon and myopia: Japan's governing '70s legacy
format =
work = Japan Times
pages =
publisher =
language =
accessdate = 2008-04-25
accessyear =
*cite web
last = Schilling
first = Mark
authorlink =
coauthors =
date = March 20, 2008
year =
month =
url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/ff20080320r1.html
title = The final days of revolutionary struggle in Japan
format =
work = Japan Times
pages =
publisher =
language =
accessdate = 2008-04-25
accessyear =

Japanese Wikipedia

*坂口弘 Hiroshi Sakaguchi
*永田洋子 Hiroko Nagata
*森恒夫 Tsuneo Mori
*坂東國男 Kunio Bando