Phalangiotarbi

Taxobox


image_caption =
fossil_range = Upper Carboniferous
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Arachnida
ordo = Phalangiotarbi
ordo_authority = Haase, 1890
subdivision_ranks = Families
subdivision = Currently 3 families, see text for details.
synonyms =Architarbi
Phalangiotarbida

Phalangiotarbi (Haase, 1890) is an extinct arachnid order first recorded from the Early Devonian of Germany and most widespread in the Upper Carboniferous Coal measures of Europe and North America. The last species are known fron the early Permian Rotliegendof Germany.

The affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with Opiliones (harvestmen) and/or Acari (mites and ticks). Phalangiotarbida has been recently proposed to be sister group to (Palpigradi+Tetrapulmonata): the taxon Megoperculata sensu Shultz (1990). [Pollitt "et al." 2004]

"Nemastomoides depressus", described as a harvestman in the family Nemastomoididae, is actually a poorly preserved phalangiotarbid. [Dunlop "in" Pinto-da-Rocha "et al." 2007: 255]

Names

The order is also called Phalangiotarbida, the ending -ida originated when Petrunkevitch (1955) tried to standardize the endings of the arachnid orders, which is unnecessary and unwarranted according to the ICZN. Nevertheless, Phalangiotarbida has become the more widespread usage in the recent literature.

Architarbi Petrunkevitch, 1945 is a synonym.

Taxa included

* Anthracotarbidae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969
* "Anthracotarbus" Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969
* "Anthracotarbus hintoni" Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969

* Architarbidae Karsch, 1882
* "Architarbus" Scudder, 1868
* "Architarbus hoffmanni" Guthörl, 1934
* (= "Opiliotarbus kliveri" Waterlot, 1934)
* (= "Goniotarbus sarana" Guthörl, 1965)
* "Architarbus minor" Petrunkevitch, 1913
* "Architarbus rotundatus" Scudder, 1868

* "Bornatarbus" Rößler & Schneider, 1997
* "Bornatarbus mayasii" (Haupt "in" Nindel, 1955)

* "Devonotarbus" Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005
* "Devonotarbus hombachensis" Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005

* "Discotarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1913
* "Discotarbus deplanatus" Petrunkevitch, 1913

* "Geratarbus" Scudder, 1890
* "Geratarbus lacoei" Scudder, 1890
* "Geratarbus bohemicus"Petrunkevitch, 1953

* "Goniotarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1953
* "Goniotarbus angulatus" (Pocock, 1911)
* "Goniotarbus tuberculatus" (Pocock, 1911)

* "Hadrachne" Melander, 1903
* "Hadrachne horribilis" Melander, 1903

* "Leptotarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Leptotarbus torpedo" (Pocock, 1911)

* "Mesotarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1949
* "Mesotarbus angustus" (Pocock, 1911)
* "Mesotarbus eggintoni" (Pocock, 1911)
* "Mesotarbus hindi" (Pocock, 1911)
* "Mesotarbus intermedius" Petrunkevitch, 1949
* "Mesotarbus peteri" Dunlop & Horrocks, 1997

* "Metatarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1913
* "Metatarbus triangularus" Petrunkevitch, 1913

* "Ootarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Ootarbus pulcher"Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Ootarbus ovatus"Petrunkevitch, 1945

* "Orthotarbus"Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Orthotarbus minutus" (Petrunkevitch, 1913)
* "Orthotarbus robustus" Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Orthotarbus nyranensis" Petrunkevitch, 1953

* "Paratarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1945
* "Paratarbus carbonarius" Petrunkevitch, 1945

* "Phalangiotarbus" Haase, 1890
* "Phalangiotarbus subovalis" (Woodward, 1872)

* "Pycnotarbus" Darber, 1990
* "Pycnotarbus verrucosus" Darber, 1990

* "Triangulotarbus" Patrick, 1989
* "Triangulotarbus terrehautensis"Patrick, 1989

* Heterotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1913
* "Heterotarbus" Petrunkevitch, 1913
* "Heterotarbus ovatus" Petrunkevitch, 1913

* Opiliotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1949
* "Opiliotarbus" Pocock, 1910
* "Opiliotarbus elongatus" (Scudder, 1890)

* "nomina dubia"
* "Eotarbus litoralis" Kušta, 1888
* "Nemastomoides depressus" Petrunkevitch, 1913

Footnotes

References

* (1955): Arachnida. pp. 42-162 in "Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology", part P. "Arthropoda 2" (R.C. Moore, ed.). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
* (1990): Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. "Cladistics 6: 1-38.
* (1997): Palaeozoic arachnids and their significance for arachnid phylogeny. "Proceedings of the 16th European Colloquium of Arachnology" 65-82. - [http://members.tripod.com/~DrJasonDunlop/cp3.html Abstract]
* (2004): The phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve (Somerset, UK). "Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh", Earth Sciences, 94(3): 243-259. DOI|10.1017/S0263593300000651 - PDF [http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/personnel/braddy/braddy.html available on request]
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. "Harvard University Press" ISBN 0-674-02343-9

Further reading

* (1997): Phalangiotarbid arachnids from the Coal Measures of Lancashire, UK. "Geological Magazine" 134: 369-381. DOI|10.1017/S0016756897007073