Academy of Gundishapur

The Academy of Gundishapur (in _fa. دانشگاه گنديشاپور, Dânešgâh Gondišâpur) was a renowned academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during late antiquity, the intellectual center of the Sassanid empire. It offered training in medicine, philosophy, theology and science. The faculty were versed not only in the Zoroastrian and Persian traditions, but in Greek and Indian learning as well. According to "The Cambridge History of Iran", it was the most important medical center of the ancient world (defined as Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East) during the 6th and 7th centuries. [Vol 4, p396. ISBN 0-521-20093-8]

History

In 489 CE, the Nestorian theological and scientific center in Edessa was ordered closed by the Byzantine emperor Zeno, and transferred itself to become the School of Nisibis [ [http://www.ut.ac.ir/en/main-links/historical.htm University of Tehran Overview/Historical Events ] ] , also known as "Nisibīn, then under Persian rule with its secular faculties at Gundishapur, Khuzestan. Here, scholars, together with Pagan philosophers banished from Athens by Justinian in 529, carried out important research in Medicine, Astronomy, and Mathematics". [Hill, Donald. "Islamic Science and Engineering". 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p.4]

However, it was under the rule of the Sassanid emperor Khosrau I (531-579 CE), called "Anushiravan" literally "Immortal Soul" and known to the Greeks and Romans as "Chosroes", that Gondeshapur became known for medicine and erudition. Khosrau I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers, Syriac-speaking Christians and Nestorians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire. The Sassanids had long battled the Romans and Byzantines for control of present day Iraq and Syria and were naturally disposed to welcome the refugees.

The king commissioned the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac texts into Pahlavi. They translated various works on medicine, astronomy, philosophy, and useful crafts. The philosophers are said to have been unhappy in Persia, however, and later returned to Greece.

"Anushiravan" also turned towards the east, and sent the famous physician Borzouye to invite Indian and Chinese scholars to Gondeshapur. These visitors translated Indian texts on astronomy, astrology, mathematics and medicine and Chinese texts on herbal medicine and religion. Borzouye is said to have himself translated the "Pañcatantra" from Sanskrit into Persian as "Kalila u Dimana".

Significance of Gondeshapur

According to Cyril Elgood in "A Medical History of Persia":

:"to a very large extent, the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia" [Cambridge University Press, p. 173] .

In addition to systemizing medical treatment and knowledge, the scholars of the academy also transformed medical education; rather than apprenticing with just one physician, medical students were required to work in the hospital under the supervision of the whole medical faculty. There is even evidence that graduates had to pass exams in order to practice as accredited Gondeshapur physicians (as recorded in an Arabic text, the "Tarikhu l-Ħikama").

George Ghevarghese Joseph, in his "Crest of the Peacock" [Princeton University Press, 2000] confirms that Gondeshapur also had a pivotal role in the history of mathematics.

Gondeshapur Under Muslim Rule

The Sassanid dynasty fell to Muslim Arab armies in 638 CE. The academy survived the change of rulers and persisted for several centuries as a Muslim institute of higher learning. It was later rivaled by an institute established at the Abbasid capital of Baghdad. In 832 CE, Caliph al-Ma'mūn founded the famous "Baytu l-Hikma", the House of Wisdom. There the methods of Gundishapur were emulated; indeed, the House of Wisdom was staffed with graduates of the older Academy of Gondeshapur. It is believed that the House of Wisdom was disbanded under Al-Mutawakkil, Al-Ma'mūn's successor. However, by that time the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate had definitively shifted to Baghdad, as henceforth there are few references in contemporary literature to universities or hospitals at Gondeshapur.

The significance of the center gradually declined. According to LeStrange's 1905 compendium of Arab geographers, "The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate", the 10th century writer Muqaddasi described Gondeshapur as falling into ruins (LeStrange, 1905, p. 238).

Famous Physicians of Gondeshapur

* Borzoye, chief physician of Khusraw I.
* Bukhtishu, a Nestorian Persian Christian.
* Masawaiyh, a Nestorian Persian Christian.
* Sarakhsi, Ahmad Tayyeb, died 900 CE.
* Sahl, Shapur ibn. a Nestorian Persian Christian. Wrote one of the first medical books on antidotes, titled the "Aqrabadhin".
* Nafi ibn al-Harith (E. Browne, "Islamic Medicine", 2002, p.11, ISBN 81-87570-19-9)

Modern Gondeshapur

Under the Pahlavi dynasty, the heritage of Gondeshapur was memorialized by the founding of the "Jondishapour University" and its twin institution "Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences", near the city of Ahvaz in 1959. [http://ajums.ac.ir/] [http://www.cua.ac.ir/about/history.htm]

The latter-day Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences was founded and named after its Sassanid predecessor, by its founder and first Chancellor, Dr. Mohammad Kar, Father of Cyrus Kar, in Ahvaz in 1959.

Jondishapur University was renamed to Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1981 in honor of Mostafa Chamran. It has been renamed again as Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences recently, websites: http://ajums.ac.ir/en/default.aspx http://ajums.ac.irBased on the fact that Jundishapur University was founded by the Iranian King Shapur I more than 2200 years ago, it is the most ancient University in the history of mankind.

The first woman ever to be appointed as vice-chancellor in a university in Iran, Dr. Tal'at Basāri, was appointed at this university in the mid 1960s, and starting 1968, plans for the modern campus were designed by famed architect Kamran Diba [http://www.artnet.com/library/02/0226/T022648.asp] .

Ancient Gondeshapur is also slated for an archaeological investigation. Experts from the Archaeological Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago plan to start excavations in early 2006 [http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=194441] .

Notes

ources

* "The Cambridge History of Iran", Vol 4, ISBN 0-521-20093-8
* Dols, Michael W. "The origins of the Islamic hospital: myth and reality": 1987, 61: 367-90; review by: 1987, 61: 661-62
* Elgood, Cyril. "A medical history of Persia", Cambridge University Press, 1951.
* Frye, Richard Nelson. "The Golden Age of Persia", Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993.
* Hau, Friedrun R. "Gondeschapur: eine Medizinschule aus dem 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr.," Gesnerus, XXXVI (1979), 98-115.
* Piyrnia, Mansoureh. "Salar Zanana Iran". 1995. Maryland: Mehran Iran Publishing.
*Hill, Donald. "Islamic Science and Engineering". 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3

External links

* [http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php Medicine in ancient Iran]
* [http://www.cua.ac.ir/about/history.htm Jondishapur according to Ahvaz University]
* [http://jazirehdanesh.com/find.php?a=19.397.568.fa Gundishapur according to jazirehdanesh(In Persian)]

ee also

* Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz ("Jondishapur University" before 1981)
* Higher education in Iran
* Nizamiyyah
* School of Nisibis
* List of universities in Iran
* Darolfonoon
* List of Iranian scientists from the pre-modern era.
* Modern Iranian scientists and engineers
* List of Iranian Research Centers
* National Library of Iran
* Science in Iran