Goatfish

Goatfishes
Yellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Mullidae
Genera
Mulloidichthys Mullus Parupeneus Pseudupeneus Upeneichthys Upeneus For species see text.

Goatfishes are tropical marine perciform fish of the family Mullidae. Seldom found in brackish waters, goatfish are most associated with the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.^[1] The goatfish are sometimes called the red mullets as opposed to the Mugilidae, the grey mullets, though that name is usually reserved for the red mullets of the genus Mullus of the Mediterranean. Within the family are approximately six genera and 55 species.

Description and habits

Many species of goatfish are conspicuously coloured; however, they are not popular in aquaria. Rather, goatfish are valued food fish in many countries. The largest species, the dash-and-dot goatfish (Parupeneus barberinus) grows to 55 centimetres in length; most species are less than half this size. Their bodies are deep and elongate with forked tail fins and widely separated dorsal fins.^[1]

Perhaps the goatfish's unpopularity among fishkeepers can be attributed to its feeding habits: Goatfish are tireless benthic feeders, using a pair of long chemosensory barbels ("whiskers") protruding from their chins to rifle through the sediments in search of a meal.^[1] Like goats, they seek anything edible; worms, crustaceans, molluscs and other small invertebrates are staples.

By day, many goatfish will form large inactive (non-feeding) schools: these aggregates may contain both conspecifics and heterospecifics. For example, the yellowfin goatfish (Mulloidichthys vanicolensis) of the Red Sea and Hawaii is often seen congregating with blue-striped snappers (Lutjanus kasmira). With such mixed company, the yellowfins will actually change their coloration to match that of the snappers.

By night the schools disperse and individual goatfish head their separate ways to loot the sands. Other nocturnal feeders will shadow the active goatfish, waiting patiently for any overlooked morsels. Goatfish stay within the shallows, going no deeper than about 110 metres. Some species, such as the freckled goatfish (Upeneus tragula) of East Africa, have been known to enter estuaries and rivers, although not to any great extent.

All goatfish have the ability to change their coloration depending on their current activity. One notable example, the diurnal goldsaddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus) will change from a lemon-yellow to a pale cream whilst feeding. Diurnal species also tend to be solitary, but will school as juveniles.

Goatfish are pelagic spawners; that is, they release many buoyant eggs into the water which become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching. The postlarva floats in surface waters until it reaches around 5 or 6 centimetres in length, when it takes on the adult, bottom-feeding, lifestyle.^[1]

In ancient Rome until the end of the second century A.D. two species of goatfish (Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus) were highly sought-after and expensive, however not as a delicacy, but for aesthetic pleasure, since the fish assume a variety of colors and shades also during death (see also above). Therefore it was paramount to serve live fish and let it die before the eyes of the guests.^[2]

Species

Parupeneus insularis

Mulloidichthys flavolineatus

A school of Yellow striped goatfish (Parupeneus chrysopleuron) and Whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food on the sandy bottom, Northeast Coast, TAIWAN

Whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food by digging the sandy bottom. Long-Dong Bay, TAIWAN

Two Whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food by using a pair of long chemosensory barbels on the sandy bottom. Long-Dong Bay, TAIWAN

FishBase lists 67 species in six genera:

• Genus Mulloidichthys
  • Mexican goatfish, Mulloidichthys dentatus (Gill, 1862).
  • Yellowstripe goatfish, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacépède, 1801).
  • Yellow goatfish, Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier, 1829).
  • Mimic goatfish, Mulloidichthys mimicus Randall & Guézé, 1980.
  • Orange goatfish, Mulloidichthys pfluegeri (Steindachner, 1900).
  • Yellowfin goatfish, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831).
• Genus Mullus
  • Argentine goatfish, Mullus argentinae Hubbs & Marini, 1933.
  • Red goatfish, Mullus auratus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882.
  • The red mullets
    • Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758.
    • Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927.
    • Striped red mullet, Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758.
• Genus Parupeneus
  • Bicolor goatfish, Parupeneus barberinoides (Bleeker, 1852).
  • Dash-and-dot goatfish, Parupeneus barberinus (Lacépède, 1801).
  • Pointed goatfish, Parupeneus biaculeatus (Richardson, 1846).
  • Yellow-threaded goatfish, Parupeneus chrysonemus (Jordan & Evermann, 1903).
  • Yellow striped goatfish, Parupeneus chrysopleuron (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843).
  • Whitesaddle goatfish, Parupeneus ciliatus (Lacépède, 1802).
  • Parupeneus crassilabris (Valenciennes, 1831).
  • Goldsaddle goatfish, Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacépède, 1801).
  • Red Sea goatfish, Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1976).
  • Cinnabar goatfish, Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacépède, 1802).
  • Indian goatfish, Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803).
  • Parupeneus insularis Randall & Myers, 2002.
  • Parupeneus jansenii (Bleeker, 1856).
  • Parupeneus louise Randall, 2004.
  • Longbarbel goatfish, Parupeneus macronemus (Lacépède, 1801).
  • Pearly goatfish, Parupeneus margaritatus Randall & Guézé, 1984.
  • Parupeneus moffitti Randall & Myers, 1993.
  • Manybar goatfish, Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824).
  • Parupeneus orientalis (Fowler, 1933).
  • Sidespot goatfish, Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831).
  • Parupeneus porphyreus (Jenkins, 1903).
  • Parupeneus posteli Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1967.
  • Parupeneus procerigena Kim & Amaoka, 2001.
  • Rosy goatfish, Parupeneus rubescens (Lacépède, 1801).
  • Black-spot goatfish, Parupeneus signatus (Günther, 1867).
  • Doublebar goatfish, Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacépède, 1801).
• Genus Pseudupeneus
  • Bigscale goatfish, Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Gill, 1863).
  • Spotted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793).
  • West African goatfish, Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier, 1829).
• Genus Upeneichthys
  • Blue-lined goatfish, Upeneichthys lineatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Upeneichthys stotti Platell, Potter & Clarke, 1998.
  • Southern goatfish, Upeneichthys vlamingii (Cuvier, 1829).
• Genus Upeneus
  • Band-tail goatfish, Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann, 1903.
  • Asymmetrical goatfish, Upeneus asymmetricus Lachner, 1954.
  • Upeneus australiae Kim & Nakaya, 2002.
  • Upeneus crosnieri Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1967.
  • Upeneus davidaromi Golani, 2001.
  • Gilded goatfish, Upeneus doriae (Günther, 1869).
  • Upeneus filifer (Ogilby, 1910).
  • Upeneus francisi Randall & Guézé, 1992.
  • Upeneus guttatus (Day, 1868).
  • Bensasi goatfish, Upeneus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782).
  • Dark-barred goatfish, Upeneus luzonius Jordan & Seale, 1907.
  • Upeneus mascareinsis Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1967.
  • Goldband goatfish, Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855).
  • Upeneus mouthami Randall & Kulbicki, 2006.^[3]
  • Dwarf goatfish, Upeneus parvus Poey, 1852.
  • Por's goatfish, Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, 1989.
  • Upeneus quadrilineatus Cheng & Wang, 1963.
  • Upeneus subvittatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843).
  • Sulphur goatfish, Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829.
  • Ochre-banded goatfish, Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker, 1855).
  • Finstripe goatfish, Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier, 1829.
  • Freckled goatfish, Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846.
  • Yellowstriped goatfish, Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775).
  • Upeneus xanthogrammus Gilbert, 1892.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 186. ISBN 0-12-547665-5. 
2. ^ Andrews, Alfred C. (1949). "The Roman Craze for Surmullets". The Classical Weekly 42 (12). Miami. 186–88.
3. ^ Randall & Kulbicki (2006). "A review of the goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Perciformes: Mullidae) from New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Bank, with a new species and four new records". Zoological Studies 45 (3): 302ff. 

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Mullidae" in FishBase. March 2006 version.