Shohé Tanaka

Shohé Tanaka

was a Japanese physicist, music theorist, and inventor. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1882 as a science student. On an imperial scholarship, he was sent to Germany for doctoral studies in 1884, together with Mori Ōgai. His dissertation concerned just intonation and practical means to its implementation.

Tanaka was an early advocate of 53 equal temperament as a means of closely approximating 5-limit just intonation. He was the first to obtain a clear understanding of the temperament, noticing that it tempered out both the schisma, 32805/32768, but also the kleisma, an interval of size 15625/15552 = 2-6 3-5 5 6, which is the interval by which five just minor thirds of size 6/5 exactly differs from a just tenth of size 5/2 exactly. Tanaka was the first to take note of this interval and gave it its name. Tanaka realized that the 53 equal temperament was completely characterized as a five limit temperament by the fact that it tempers out both the schisma and the kleisma.

Tanaka was also an early advocate of the use of the hexagonal lattice for representing the pitch classes of 5-limit just intonation; which he discovered independently of Hugo Riemann, and which he seems to have had a better grasp of. He also gave what would now be called a Fokker block as a way of viewing the pitch classes of 53 equal temperament.

Tanaka was an inventor as well as a theoritician. He designed and patented a just intonation "Enharmonium" with 20 keys and 26 pitches in an octave, and had Johannes Kewitsch, of Berlin, construct a 5-octave version which in Vienna in 1891 he demonstrated to Anton Bruckner, who was impressed with its potential. He also constructed an early calculating machine.

References

*Tanaka, Shohé, "Studien im Gebiete der reinen Stimmung", Vierteljahrsschrift für Musikwissenschaft vol. 6 no. 1, Friedrich Chrysander, Philipp Spitta, Guido Adler (eds.), Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig, pp. 1-90. [http://www.anaphoria.com/Shohe.PDF]
*William Pole "A New Keyed Musical Instrument for Just Intonation" "Nature" vol.44, no.1141, September 10, 1891 p.446-448

External links

*S. Tanaka. Musical Instrument. [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0443305.PN.&OS=PN/0443305&RS=PN/0443305 United States Patent 443,305] . December 23, 1890 ( [http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat443305.pdf pdf version] )
*Anonymous. [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/references?id=lit38230 "Testimonials, Etc. (Translations) Relating to the "Enharmonium," Invented by Shohé Tanaka."] London, 1891.
* [http://www.gs.kunitachi.ac.jp/collectiondb/e_catrn02.html Item 0194 4443215 Enharmonium (Junseicho orugan)] Japan, Shizuoka Pref., Hamamatsu Nippon Gakki 1936 G1 - c4 Invented by Shohei Tanaka, 1931. Gakkigaku Shiryôkan (Collection for Organology), [http://www.gs.kunitachi.ac.jp/e_index.html Kunitachi College of Music]


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