Zikhron Ya'akov

Infobox Israel municipality
name=Zikhron Ya'akov

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imgsize=90
caption=Emblem of Zikhron Ya'akov

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imgsize3=200
caption3= The town's main restored street
hebname=Hebrew|זִכְרוֹן יַעֲקֹב
arname=
meaning=Jacob's Memorial
founded=1882
type=lc
typefrom=
stdHeb=
altOffSp=Zikhron Ya'aqov
altUnoSp=Zichron Yaakov
district=haifa
mayor=Eli Abutbul
population=17,000
popyear=
area_dunam=32000

mayor=Eli Abutbul

Zikhron Ya'akov ( _he. זִכְרוֹן יַעֲקֹב; "lit." "Jacob's Memorial"; often shortened to just "Zikhron") is a town in Israel, convert|35|km|mi south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the southern end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, near the coastal highway (Highway 2). It was one of the first Jewish settlements in the country, founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father.citeweb |url=http://ohr.edu/tw/weinbach/loveland/lland092.htm |title=Zichron Yaakov |accessdate=2008-01-26]

History

Early history

Zikhron Ya'akov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania, members of the Hovevei Zion movement, purchased land in Zammarin.citeweb |url=http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000004384.htm |title=Gems in Israel-Zichron Ya'acov |accessdate=2008-01-26 | source=Gems in Israel] The difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up.

In 1883, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron (along with Rishon LeZion and Rosh Pina), who renamed it in memory of his father, James (Ya'akov) Mayer de Rothschild.

To accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, a long interior courtyard and a rear building for storing agricultural implements. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows. Each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Baron's clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the magnificent Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue, named after his father, to serve the town. Sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day.

Following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, Carmel-Mizrahi Winery, together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Ya'akov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera, a type of parasite. After a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the winery remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago.

Nili spy ring

Zikhron Ya'akov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn, together with her brothers, Aaron (a noted botanist) and Alex, and their friend Avshalom Feinberg. The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore. In September 1917, the Ottomans caught one of Sarah's carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code. In October, they surrounded Zikhron Ya'akov and arrested Sarah and several others. After four days of torture, Sarah shot herself with a pistol concealed on the premises. The Aaronsohn House–Nili Museum recreates the history of this period.

20th century

In the late 1930s and 1940s, Zikhron Ya'akov became a holiday resort. The population increased dramatically in the early 1950s, after the establishment of the State of Israel. In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Ya'akov. Between the 1960s and 1990s, the population remained constant with about 5,000 inhabitants.

Zikhron Ya'akov today

In 2005, the population of Zikhron Ya'akov was 16,100. Many residents continue to engage in agriculture, although upscale private homes have been built by families attracted to the scenic landscape. There is a sizable religious Jewish community in the town, including ultra-orthodox members of the Ohr Yaakov Yeshiva of Jerusalem and members of a Chabad-Lubavitch community.

The original Carmel-Mizrahi Winery continues to make wine in Zikhron, whilst another winery, the Tishbi Winery founded by Jonathan Tishbi is also based here. The town draws many tourists attracted to its picturesque setting and historic city center whose restored main street of landmark buildings, called "Derekh HaYayin" ("Path of the Wine"), houses coffeehouses and boutique shops selling locally-made crafts, jewellery, and antiques. It was announced in early 2008 that a 150-acre wine park would be created on the slopes between Zikhron and neighboring town, Binyamina. [citeweb |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/DocView.asp?did=1000299213&fid=1725 |title=Israel seeks to become wine tourism destination |publisher=Globes |accessdate=2008-01-17 |date=2008-01-17]

Notable residents

*David Remez

ee also

*Israeli wine

References

External links

* [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12001/edition_id/231/format/html/displaystory.html History of Zikhron Ya'aqov]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA%20Publications/Photo%20Exhibits/Encounters-%20Restoration%20of%20Historic%20Zichron%20Ya-ako Photos of Restoration of Historic Zikhron Ya'aqov Project]
* [http://www.pbase.com/rbenny/zichron Photo gallery by Benny Rochwerger]