Second Army (United Kingdom)

Infobox Military Unit
unit_name= Second Army


caption=Emblem of the 2nd British Army
dates= World War I
1914 - 1918
World War II
1943 - 1945
country= United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
allegiance=
branch= British Army
type= Army
role=
size=
command_structure=
garrison=
equipment=
current_commander=
ceremonial_chief=
colonel_of_the_regiment=
notable_commanders= General Horace Smith-Dorrien
General Herbert Plumer
Lieut.Gen. Sir Miles Dempsey
identification_symbol=
identification_symbol_2=
nickname=
patron=
motto=
colors=
march=
mascot=
battles= World War I
World War II
anniversaries=
decorations=
battle_honours=

The British Second Army existed in both the First and Second World Wars.

World War I

During World War I, the army was formed on 26 December 1914 when the British Expeditionary Force was split in two due to becoming too big to control its subordinate formations. The army was originally commanded by General Horace Smith-Dorrien and later by General Herbert Plumer. It spent most of the war around the Ypres salient but was moved to Italy between November 1917 and March 1918.

World War II

France, 1944

The World War II formation was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey and served under the 21st Army Group. Two of its formations, I Corps and XXX Corps took part in the D-Day landings of Operation Overlord. The initial penetration on D-Day was not as good as hoped, and this pattern was repeated during the rest of the Normandy campaign. A third British corps, VIII Corps, entered the line during June to add its weight to the assault. However, the main British objective of this part of the campaign, Caen, still did not fall. The Second Army mounted several offensives to attempt its capture. The city finally fell at the end of June.

By the end of July, American forces had broken out of Normandy. As they swept east, the German Seventh Army was pinned by the Second Army and trapped in pockets around Falaise. The German formation was subsequently annihilated during the battle of the Falaise Pocket. The Second Army then commenced a dash across France in tandem with the Americans on its right, and the Canadians on its left. During the interim, I Corps had left the Second Army's control and been assigned to the First Canadian Army, and the British XII Corps had come into the line to replace I Corps in Second Army. Due to the heavy casualties sustained by the army during the Normandy campaign, the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division was disbanded in August 1944 to make up for the infantry deficit.

Belgium and Holland

Second Army entered Belgium quickly, and cleared much of the country. Its captures included the capital Brussels and the great port of Antwerp.

Second Army's highest profile operation in 1944, apart from "Overlord" was Operation "Market Garden". British, Polish and American parachute troops were landed to capture vital bridges over several rivers in order to allow the Allied troops to cross the Rhine and advance into Germany. Second Army's XXX Corps was then supposed to push up a single road and relieve the parachute troops. However, the single road caused enormous logistical difficulties, and combined with crack German troops that intelligence was unaware of were in the area. The American formations were relieved, but the British 1st Airborne Division, after holding the bridges at Arnhem far longer than had been specified in the plan, and even beyond the best estimates of what was possible, was largely destroyed before it could be relieved.

After the failure of the operation, Second Army spent the rest of the 1944 exploiting the salient that it had created in the German line to close on the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the Netherlands. The final part of that phase took place in mid-January 1945, with the clearing of the Roermond Triangle (codename Operation Blackcock) by XII and VIII Corps. This enabled the completion of the advance on the River Roer.

During February, 1945, Second Army entered a holding phase. Whilst it pinned down the German forces facing it, the Canadian First Army and US Ninth Army made a pincer movement from north and south (operations "Veritable" and "Grenade") which pierced the Siegfried Line in that area and cleared the remaining German forces west of the Rhine in conjunction with further American offensives in the south of the Rhineland.

Germany, 1945

Second Army crossed the Rhine on 23 March (Operation "Plunder"). It then headed across the North German Plain, with the Canadian First Army on its left wheeling to clear the north of the Netherlands, and the US Ninth Army on its right helping to trap the German Army Group B under General Walther Model in an enormous pocket in the Ruhr. With Army Group B trapped, the last major German formation in the west was out of the equation, and the German state began its final disintegration.

Second Army reached the Weser on 4 April, the Elbe on 19 April, the shore of the Baltic Sea at Lübeck on 2 May. 3 May Hamburg capitulated. By 7 May the Soviet Army had met up with the British forces. Shortly thereafter, the Second World War came to an end with the surrender of the government of Karl Dönitz.

Order of Battle

*British VIII Corps
*British XII Corps
*British XXX Corps
*British I Corps

*4th Armoured Brigade
*8th Armoured Brigade
*27th Armoured Brigade
*6th Guards Tank Brigade

*Guards Armoured Division
**5th Guards Armoured Brigade
**32nd Infantry Brigade (Guards)

*7th Armoured Division
**22nd Armoured Brigade
**131st Infantry Brigade

*11th Armoured Division
**29th Armoured Brigade
**159th Infantry Brigade

*3rd Infantry Division
**8th Infantry Brigade
**9th Infantry Brigade
**185th Infantry Brigade

*15th (Scottish) Division
**44th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade
**46th (Highland) Infantry Brigade
**227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade

*43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
**British 129th Infantry Brigade
**British 130th Infantry Brigade
**British 214th Infantry Brigade

*49th (West Riding) Infantry Division
**British 56th Infantry Brigade
**British 146th Infantry Brigade
**British 147th Infantry Brigade

*50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division
**69th Infantry Brigade
**151st Infantry Brigade
**231st Infantry Brigade

*51st (Highland) Division
**152nd Infantry Brigade
**153rd Infantry Brigade
**154th Infantry Brigade

*53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division
**71st Infantry Brigade
**158th Infantry Brigade
**160th Infantry Brigade

*59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division (disbanded August 1944)
**176th Infantry Brigade
**177th Infantry Brigade
**197th Infantry Brigade

External links

* [http://www.operation-blackcock.com Battle of the Roermond Triangle, Jan 1945]
* [http://www.wargamer.com/ww2timeline/1945western.asp Timeline of 1945 in Western Europe]