Cupressus

Cupressus
Cupressus sempervirens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Genus:	Cupressus L.
Species
See text

The genus Cupressus is one of several genera within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress; for the others, see cypress. It is considered a polyphyletic group. Based on genetic and morphological analysis, the Cupressus are found in the Cupressoideae subfamily (Gadek et al. 2000, Farjon 2005).

The common name comes from Old French cipres and that from Latin cyparissus, which is the latinisation of the Greek κυπάρισσος (kypárissos).^[1]

As currently treated, these cypresses are native to scattered localities in mainly warm temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, including western North America, Central America, north-west Africa, the Middle East, the Himalaya, southern China and north Vietnam. They are evergreen trees or large shrubs, growing to 5-40 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 2-6 mm long, arranged in opposite decussate pairs, and persist for 3–5 years. On young plants up to 1–2 years old, the leaves are needle-like, 5-15 mm long. The cones are 8-40 mm long, globose or ovoid with 4-14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; they are mature in 18–24 months from pollination. The seeds are small, 4-7 mm long, with two narrow wings, one along each side of the seed.

Many of the species are adapted to forest fires, holding their seeds for many years in closed cones until the parent trees are killed by a fire; the seeds are then released to colonize the bare, burnt ground. In other species, the cones open at maturity to release the seeds.

Many species are grown as decorative trees in parks and, in Asia, around temples; in some areas, the native distribution is hard to discern due to extensive cultivation. A few species are grown for their timber, which can be very durable. The fast-growing hybrid Leyland Cypress, much used in gardens, draws one of its parents from this genus (Monterey Cypress C. macrocarpa); the other parent, Nootka Cypress, is also sometimes classified in this genus, or else in the separate genus Callitropsis, but in the past more usually in Chamaecyparis.

Species

The number of species recognized within this genus varies sharply, from 16 to 25 or more according to the authority followed. This is because most populations are small and isolated, and it is difficult to be sure whether they should be accorded specific, subspecific or varietal rank. Current tendencies are to reduce the number of recognized species; when a narrow species concept is adopted, the varieties indented in the list below may also be accepted as distinct species. See also the New World species (below) for a likely split in the genus in the future.

Old World species

The Old World cypresses tend to have cones with more scales (8-14 scales, rarely 6 in C. funebris), each scale with a short broad ridge, not a spike. Cupressus sempervirens is the type species of the genus, defining the name Cupressus.

• Cupressus cashmeriana (Bhutan Cypress)
• Cupressus chengiana (Cheng's Cypress) - Conservation status: Vulnerable
• Cupressus duclouxiana (Yunnan Cypress)
• Cupressus dupreziana (Saharan Cypress)
• Cupressus atlantica (C. dupreziana var. atlantica; Moroccan Cypress)
• Cupressus funebris (Weeping Cypress)
• Cupressus gigantea (Tibetan Cypress) - Conservation status: Vulnerable
• Cupressus sempervirens (Graveyard Cypress, Italian Cypress, Mediterranean Cypress, Pencil Pine, Spanish Cypress, Tuscan Cypress)
• Cupressus torulosa (Himalayan Cypress)

New World species

Cupressus lusitanica foliage and cones

The New World cypresses tend to have cones with fewer scales (4-8 scales, rarely more in C. macrocarpa), each scale with an often prominent narrow spike. Recent genetic evidence (Little et al., November 2004) shows that they are less closely related to the Old World cypresses than previously thought, being more closely related to Callitropsis and Juniperus than to the rest of Cupressus. These species have very recently (Little 2006) been transferred to Callitropsis. New World species are found in marginal habitats with xeric soils, and therefore exhibit a fragmented allopatric pattern of distribution. This type of distribution results in disproportionate local abundance with most species restricted to small neighboring populations (Little 2006).

• Cupressus abramsiana (Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana; Callitropsis abramsiana; Santa Cruz Cypress)
• Cupressus arizonica (Callitropsis arizonica; Arizona Cypress)
  • Cupressus arizonica var. glabra(Cupressus glabra; Callitropsis glabra; Smooth Arizona Cypress)
  • Cupressus arizonica var. montana (Cupressus montana; Callitropsis montana; San Pedro Martir Cypress)
• Cupressus bakeri (Callitropsis bakeri; Modoc Cypress)
• Cupressus goveniana (Callitropsis goveniana; Gowen Cypress)
• Cupressus guadalupensis (Callitropsis guadalupensis; Guadalupe Cypress)
• Cupressus forbesii (Callitropsis forbesii; Tecate Cypress)
• Cupressus lusitanica (Callitropsis lusitanica; Mexican Cypress)
  • Cupressus lusitanica var. benthamii (Cupressus benthamii; Callitropsis benthamii; Bentham's Cypress)
• Cupressus macnabiana (Callitropsis macnabiana; Macnab Cypress)
• Cupressus macrocarpa (Callitropsis macrocarpa; Monterey Cypress)
• Cupressus nevadensis (Cupressus nevadensis; Callitropsis nevadensis; Piute Cypress)
• Cupressus pigmaea (Cupressus goveniana var. pigmaea; Callitropsis pigmaea; Mendocino Cypress)
• Cupressus sargentii (Callitropsis sargentii; Sargent Cypress)
• Cupressus stephensonii (Callitropsis stephensonii; Cuyamaca Cypress)

• Callitropsis nootkatensis (Nootka Cypress) is also sometimes treated as Cupressus nootkatensis

References

1. ^ κυπάρισσος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

• Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
• Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. (2000). Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Available online.
• Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Abstract
• Little, D. P. (2006). Evolution and circumscription of the true Cypresses. Syst. Bot. 31 (3): 461-480.