Lobelia

Taxobox
name = "Lobelia"


image_width = 270px
image_caption = "Lobelia erinus"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Asterales
familia = Campanulaceae
subfamilia = Lobelioideae
genus = "Lobelia"
genus_authority = L.
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = See text.

"Lobelia" is a genus of flowering plant comprising 360–400 species, with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). "New RHS Dictionary of Gardening". Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.] English names include Lobelia, Asthma Weed, Indian Tobacco, Pukeweed, and Vomitwort.

Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family Lobeliaceae, others as a subfamily Lobelioideae within the Campanulaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group did not make a firm decision in this, listing the genus under both families.

"Lobelia" is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus. For example, the Hawaiian species are part of a group including other genera that appear very different (see Hawaiian lobelioids). However, the group has not yet been studied adequately to rearrange the classification.Fact|date=October 2007

"Lobelia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character.

The genus is named after the Belgian botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).

Selected species

Cultivation and uses

Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include "Lobelia cardinalis" (Cardinal Flower or Indian Pink), "Lobelia siphilitica" (Blue Lobelia), "Lobelia fulgens" and "Lobelia erinus", as well as some hybrids.

"Lobelia erinus", a South African annual plant that includes many cultivated selections in a wide variety of colours. They are grown in beds, large pots, window boxes and in hanging baskets. The plants are most often grown away from sunny hot southern exposures (northern exposure's in the southern hemisphere) in soils that are moisture retentive.

In the Victorian language of flowers, the lobelia symbolizes malevolence and ill will.

Medicinal use

Native Americans used lobelia to treat respiratory and muscle disorders, and as a purgative. Today it is used to treat asthma and food poisoning, and is often used as part of smoking cessation programs. It is a physical relaxant, and can serve as a nerve depressant, easing tension and panic. The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is "Lobelia inflata" (Indian Tobacco).cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board | month = January | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12]

Extracts of "Lobelia inflata" contain lobeline, which showed positive effects in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tumor cells. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222670?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can r... [Phytomedicine. 2008 - PubMed Result ] ] Furthermore, lobeline can be modified to lobelane which decreased methamphetamine self-administration in rats. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612524?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lobelane decreases methamphetamine self-administra... [Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 - PubMed Result ] ] It therefore opens a perspective in methamphetamine dependency treatment. [ [http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0216/wissenschaft/0001/index.html Eine explosive Droge : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung Archiv ] ]

As used in North America, lobelia's medicinal properties include the following: emetic (induces vomiting), stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic, relaxant, nauseant, sedative, diuretic, and nervine.

Because of its similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting. It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use.

Two species, "Lobelia siphilitica" and "Lobelia cardinalis", were considered a cure for syphilis [Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). "Sacred Smudging in North America". Walkabout Press.] .

Herbalist Samuel Thompson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century, as well as other medicinal plants like goldenseal.

One species, "L. chinensis" (called "bàn biān lián", in Chinese), is used as one of the fifty fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.

References

Further reading

Cite book |last=Everitt |first=J.H. |coauthors=Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R. |title=Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |location=Lubbock |year=2007 ISBN 0-89672-614-2