Terrapene carolina triunguis

Taxobox
name = Three-toed Box Turtle

---

image_size = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Reptilia
ordo = Testudines
familia = Emydidae
genus = "Terrapene"
species = "T. carolina"
subspecies = "T. c. triunguis"
trinomial = "Terrapene carolina triunguis"
trinomial_authority = Agassiz, 1857

The Three-toed Box Turtle ("Terrapene carolina triunguis") is a subspecies within the group of hinge-shelled turtles commonly referred to as box turtles. This subspecies is native to the south-central part of the United States.

Description

Three toed box turtles are so named due to the number of toes on the hind feet, but some think that there are some 4-toed examples too. However, some speculate that the 4-toed individuals are actually Eastern box turtle + three toed box turtle hybrids. Three-toed box turtles have a domed shell which grows to an average 4.5 to 5 inches in length. The record for this subspecies is 7 inches. The highest part of its carapace or upper shell is more posteriorly positioned then in the other subspecies. [ cite book
last=Ernst
first=Carl H.
editor=Nancy P. Dutro
coauthors=Roger W. Barbour & Jeffery E. Lovich
title=TURTLES of the United States and Canada
year=1994
publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press
location=Washington, USA
id=ISBN 1-56098-346-9
pages= 253 ] The dorsal and limb coloration is commonly completely absent, although some dark blotches are common in adult turtles. These areas more often being a uniform olive green or tan color. Sometimes, faint yellow dots or lines are visible in the center of each large scute. [ cite web
title = MISSOURI'S TURTLES
publisher = Missouri Dept. of Conservation
date = 2006-09-19
url = http://www.mdc.mo.gov/nathis/herpetol/turtles/
accessdate = 2006-06-30 ] The head and throat often display yellow, red, or orange spots. [ cite book
last=Conant
first=Roger
authorlink=Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)
editor=Roger T.Peterson
coauthors=Joseph T. Collins
others=(illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson
title=Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American
origyear=1958
edition=3rd edition
year=1991
publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
location=Boston, USA
id=ISBN 0-395-58389-6
pages= 53 ] [ cite book
last=Ernst
first=Carl H.
editor=Nancy P. Dutro
coauthors=Roger W. Barbour & Jeffery E. Lovich
title=TURTLES of the United States and Canada
year=1994
publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press
location=Washington, USA
id=ISBN 1-56098-346-9
pages= 253 ] Frequently the bottom shell or plastron is a straw yellow color, and has far fewer dark markings than the plastrons of other subspecies. [cite book
last=Carr
first=Archie
authorlink=Archie Carr
title=Handbook of Turtles, The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja Calafornia
origyear=1952
year=1983
publisher=Cornell University Press
location=Ithaca, USA
id=ISBN 0-8014-0064-3
pages= 153 ]

Distribution and habitat

From the west to the east of its range, the three-toed box turtle can be found from eastern Texas the northern edge of the Florida Panhandle. Its northernmost habitat is in Missourii and Kansas, while the southernmost is in Louisiana. [ cite book
last=Conant
first=Roger
authorlink=Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)
editor=Roger T.Peterson
coauthors=Joseph T. Collins
others=(illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson
title=Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American
origyear=1958
edition=3rd edition
year=1991
publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
location=Boston, USA
id=ISBN 0-395-58389-6
pages= Map 31 ] Three-toes interbreed with other subspecies of eastern box turtles which overlap the borders of this area. An example of this occurs in the eastern Mississippi valley where this species is difficult to distinguish from the common box turtle. [ cite book
last=Ernst
first=Carl H.
editor=Nancy P. Dutro
coauthors=Roger W. Barbour & Jeffery E. Lovich
title=TURTLES of the United States and Canada
year=1994
publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press
location=Washington, USA
id=ISBN 1-56098-346-9
pages= 255 ] Being popular in the pet trade, three-toes are sometimes found well outside of their home range. It is not known whether such captives when released into the wild have any impact on the local species of such areas. These turtles are adaptive, and are possibly the only box turtle who can live happily in an indoor enclosure. [ cite book
last=Conant
first=Roger
authorlink=Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)
editor=Roger T.Peterson
coauthors=Joseph T. Collins
others=(illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson
title=Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American
origyear=1958
edition=3rd edition
year=1991
publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
location=Boston, USA
id=ISBN 0-395-58389-6
pages= 52 ]

Diet

These turtles are omnivores, their diets varying with availability of food sources and the seasons. They are known to eat earthworms, insects, snails, slugs, strawberries, mushrooms, and green-leafed vegetation. They have been observed eating the eggs of quail. It should be noted however that all box turtles will prefer live foods to vegetation.

It has also been speculated that these turtles eat poisonous mushrooms, but are not themselves sickened by the mushroom's toxins. Afterwards, the turtles then become poisonous themselves. Carr [ cite book
last=Carr
first=Archie
authorlink=Archie Carr
title=Handbook of Turtles, The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja Calafornia
origyear=1952
year=1983
publisher=Cornell University Press
location=Ithaca, USA
id=ISBN 0-8014-0064-3
pages= 155 ] believes this to be the reason why a group of boys in Mississippi became ill after eating roasted three-toed box turtles.

As pets, they have been reported to eat mealworms, corn, melon, crickets, waxworms, tomatoes and even moist dog food. They can be shy about being watched while eating, and may stop and stare back motionless if this happens.

Behavior

Three-toed box turtles are known to migrate seasonally in order to maintain their preferred humidity level. In Arkansas, three-toed box turtles were observed in grasslands in late spring, while in early spring, summer, and late fall they were found in forested areas. [ cite web
last = Kingsbury
first = Bruce
title = Three-toed Box Turtle
work = The Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management
publisher = Indiana-Purdue University
date = 2005
url = http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/index.htm?http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/outreach/accounts/reptiles/turtles/Three-toed_Box_Turtle/index.htm&2
accessdate = 2006-06-30 ] During dry times, they dig shallow burrows into leaf litter to conserve moisture. When water is available, these turtles soak for longer periods of time than any of the other subspecies. [ cite book
last=Ernst
first=Carl H.
editor=Nancy P. Dutro
coauthors=Roger W. Barbour & Jeffery E. Lovich
title=TURTLES of the United States and Canada
year=1994
publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press
location=Washington, USA
id=ISBN 1-56098-346-9
pages= 255 ]

Environment in captivity

Three-toed box turtles require care similar to that of all eastern box turtles, faring best in large, outdoor enclosures. These enclosures should have plenty of room to allow the turtle to burrow, but should also be protected to prevent the turtle from burrowing under enclosure fencing. Indoors, three-toed box turtles should be kept in a large wooden enclosure or a large tub, at least 30 gallons for a single turtle. Do not keep any terrestrial turtle in an aquarium, because turtles do not understand the concept of glass and will become extremely stressed if no visual barrier is given. The enclosure should have a high temperature side with a heat bulb at around 85°F and a lower temperature side at 70°F. The enclosure should also contain a hiding spot for the turtle as well as an area where it can soak. Peat moss bedding at around 80% humidity (moist but not wet) is preferred for these box turtles. They also do well in bark chips and other wood-like materials. Desert materials such as gravel or sand would be too dry and difficult for the turtle to dig into, and will cause small scratches susceptible to infections. Many owners simply spray the surface area of the enclosure down at the beginning of the day in order to moisten the material and to increase the humidity of the enclosure.

References

External links

* [http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/index.htm?http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/outreach/accounts/reptiles/turtles/Three-toed_Box_Turtle/index.htm&2 Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management]
* [http://boxturtlesite.org/diet.html Diet and Feeding Your Box Turtle]
* [http://www.mdc.mo.gov/nathis/herpetol/turtles/ Missouri's Turtles]
* [http://www.tortoisetrust.org/care/ctriungis.html Three-toed box turtle]