Jean Henri Riesener

Jean-Henri Riesener ( _de. Johann Heinrich Riesener) (4 July 1734 - 6 January 1806 [Geoffrey de Bellaigue, "The James A. de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor", II (1974, p. 879.] ), born in Gladbeck near Essen in Germany, moved to Paris where he apprenticed soon after 1754 with Jean-François Oeben, whose widow he married, [6 August 1768, thus sharing her tenantcy under royal favor in workshops at the Arsenal (Watson 1966:555).] and was received master ébéniste in January 1768. The following year he began supplying furniture for the Crown and in July 1774 formally became "ébéniste ordinaire du roi", [Succeeding the aged Gilles Joubert.] "the greatest Parisian "ébéniste" of the Louis XVI period." [Francis J.B. Watson, "The Wrightsman Collection" II (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1966, p. 555.] Riesener was responsible for some of the richest examples of furniture in the Louis XVI style, as the French court embarked on furnishing commissions on a luxurious scale that had not been seen since the time of Louis XIV: between 1774 and 1784 he received on average commissions amounting to 100,000 livres per annum. [Watson 1966:555.]

He and David Roentgen were Marie-Antoinette's favourite cabinet-makers. [Svend Eriksen, "Early Neo-Classicism in France" 1974, p. 219.] Besides commissions directly to the "Garde-Meuble" he delivered case-furniture for the comte and comtesse de Provence, the comte d'Artois, "Mesdames" the king's aunts, and the ducs de Penthièvre, de la Rochefoucauld, Choiseul-Praslin, Biron, as well as rich "fermiers-générals".

He used floral and figural marquetry techniques to a great extent, contrasting with refined parquetry and trelliswork grounds, in addition to gilt-bronze mounts. His carcases were more finely finished than those of many of his Parisian contemporaries, and he attempted to disguise the screwheads that attached his mounts with overhanging details of foliage. It seems likely that as a royal craftsman he was able to circumvent guild restrictions and produice his own gilt-bronze mounts: Riesener's princely portrait by Vestier [Illustrated in Pierre Verlet, "French Furniture and Interior Decoration of the 18th Century" (1967), p 26.] shows the cabinet-maker at one of his richly-mounted tables, with drawings for gilt-bronze mounts. Many of his pieces featured complicated mechanisms that raised or lowered table-tops or angled reading stands. Through his wife he was related to other master craftsmen in Paris, notably the "ébénistes" Roger Vandercruse Lacroix and Martin Carlin.

He completed the "Bureau du Roi", which had been started in 1760, under his predecessor Oeben; his name alone appears in the marquetry. [Riesener's name appears in the marquetry also of the roll-top desk made for Stanislas Leszczynski, now in the Wallace Collection, London.] .

In 1774 he delivered the commode for the bedroom of Louis XVI at Versailles, now in the Royal Collection at Windsor. [ [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/maker.asp?maker=RIESENERJH Illustrated] ] An even richer commode replaced it the following year (now at the Musée Condé, Chantilly).

The drop-front secretary ("sécretaire à abattant") initially designed by Oeben, or by Riesener in Oeben's workshop, presents a vertical rectangle of superposed panels and a frieze, on short legs. The upper panel drops down to provide a writing surface, revealing a fitted interior.

From 1784, with France near bankruptcy, the pace of court commissions dropped radically; Thierry de Ville d'Avray succeeded Pierre-Elizabeth de Fontainieu at the "Garde-Meuble le la Couronne" and turned for necessary economy to less expensive suppliers, such as Guillaume Beneman; Riesener's last pieces for the court featured sober but richly-figured West Indian mahogany veneers and more restrained use of gilt-bronze mounts. Queen Marie Antoinette continued to favour Riesener through the 1780s

With the French Revolution, Riesener was retained by the Directory, and sent in 1794 to Versailles to remove the "insignia of feudality" from furniture he had recently made: royal cyphers and fleurs-de-lys were replaced with innocuous panels. During the French revolutionary sales he ruined himself by buying back furniture that was being sold at derisory prices. When he attempted to resell his accumulated stock, tastes had changed and the old clientele dispersed or dead. He retired in 1801 and died in comparative poverty in Paris.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=977 (Getty Museum) Jean-Henri Riesener]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ffurn/ho_20.155.11.htm (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Drop-front secretary, veneered with ebony and black Japanese lacquer, for Marie Antoinette's "cabinet intérieur" at Versailles, 1783]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ffurn/ho_33.12.htm (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Mechanical table for Marie Antoinette at Versailles,1778]
* [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/maker.asp?maker=RIESENERJH (Royal Collection, UK)]