Spherical multipole moments

Spherical multipole moments are the coefficients in a series expansionof a potential that varies inversely with the distance R to a source, i.e., as $frac\{1\}\{R\}$. Examples of such potentials are the
electric potential, the magnetic potential and the gravitational potential.

For clarity, we illustrate the expansion for a point charge, thengeneralize to an arbitrary charge density $ho(mathbf\{r^\{prime)$. Through this article, the primed coordinates such as $mathbf\{r^\{prime$ refer to the position of charge(s), whereasthe unprimed coordinates such as $mathbf\{r\}$ refer to the point at which the potential is being observed. We alsouse spherical coordinates throughout, e.g., the vector $mathbf\{r^\{prime$ has coordinates $(\; r^\{prime\},\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$where $r^\{prime\}$ is the radius, $heta^\{prime\}$ is the colatitude and $phi^\{prime\}$ is the azimuthal angle.

pherical multipole moments of a point charge

The electric potential due to a point charge located at $mathbf\{r^\{prime$ is given by

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{q\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; frac\{1\}\{R\}\; =frac\{q\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; frac\{1\}\{sqrt\{r^\{2\}\; +\; r^\{prime\; 2\}\; -\; 2\; r^\{prime\}\; r\; cos\; gamma.$where $R\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; left|mathbf\{r\}\; -\; mathbf\{r^\{prime\; ight|$is the distance between the charge position and the observation pointand $gamma$ is the angle between the vectors $mathbf\{r\}$ and $mathbf\{r^\{prime$.If the radius $r$ of the observation point is greater than the radius $r^\{prime\}$ of the charge, we may factor out $frac\{1\}\{r\}$ and expand the square rootin powers of using Legendre polynomials

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{q\}\{4pivarepsilon\; r\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}left(\; frac\{r^\{prime\{r\}\; ight)^\{l\}\; P\_\{l\}(cos\; gamma\; )$

This is exactly analogous to the axialmultipole expansion.

We may express $cos\; gamma$ in terms of the coordinatesof the observation point and charge position using the
spherical law of cosines (Fig. 2)

:$cos\; gamma\; =\; cos\; heta\; cos\; heta^\{prime\}\; -\; sin\; heta\; sin\; heta^\{prime\}\; cos(phi\; -\; phi^\{prime\})$

frame|center|Figure 2: Angles between the unit vectors ">$mathbf\{hat\{z$ (the coordinate axis), $mathbf\{hat\{r$ (the observation point) and $mathbf\{hat\{r\}^\{prime$ (the charge position).

Substituting this equation for $cos\; gamma$ intothe Legendre polynomials and factoring the primed and unprimedcoordinates yields the important formula known as the spherical harmonic addition theorem

:$P\_\{l\}(cos\; gamma)\; =\; frac\{4pi\}\{2l\; +\; 1\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

where the $Y\_\{lm\}$ functions are the spherical harmonics.Substitution of this formula into the potential yields

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{q\}\{4pivarepsilon\; r\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}left(\; frac\{r^\{prime\{r\}\; ight)^\{l\}left(\; frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\}\; ight)sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

which can be written as

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; left(\; frac\{Q\_\{lm\{r^\{l+1\; ight)sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

where the multipole moments are defined

:$Q\_\{lm\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; q\; left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l\}\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$.

As with axial multipole moments, we may also consider the case when the radius $r$ of the observation point is less than the radius $r^\{prime\}$ of the charge.In that case, we may write

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{q\}\{4pivarepsilon\; r^\{prime\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}left(\; frac\{r\}\{r^\{prime\; ight)^\{l\}left(\; frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\}\; ight)sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

which can be written as

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; I\_\{lm\}\; r^\{l\}sqrt\{frac\{4pi\; \}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

where the interior spherical multipole moments are defined as the complex conjugate of irregular solid harmonics

:$I\_\{lm\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; frac\{q\}\{left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l+1\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\; \}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

The two cases can be subsumed in a single expression if and $r\_>$ are definedto be the lesser and greater, respectively, of the tworadii $r$ and $r^\{prime\}$; thepotential of a point charge then takes the form, which is sometimes referred to as Laplace expansion

:

General spherical multipole moments

It is straightforward to generalize these formulae by replacing the point charge $q$with an infinitesimal charge element $ho(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})\; dmathbf\{r\}^\{prime\}$ and integrating. The functional form of the expansion is the same

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; left(\; frac\{Q\_\{lm\{r^\{l+1\; ight)sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

where the general multipole moments are defined

:$Q\_\{lm\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; int\; dmathbf\{r\}^\{prime\}\; ho(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})\; left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l\}\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

Note

The potential Φ(r) is real, so that the complex conjugate of the expansion is equally valid. Taking of the complex conjugate leads to a definition of the multipole moment which is proportional to "Y"_lm, not to its complex conjugate. This is a common convention, see molecular multipoles for more on this.

Interior spherical multipole moments

Similarly, the interior multipole expansion has the same functional form

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; I\_\{lm\}\; r^\{l\}\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

with the interior multipole moments defined as

:$I\_\{lm\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; int\; dmathbf\{r\}^\{prime\}\; frac\{\; ho(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})\}\{left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l+1sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}^\{*\}(\; heta^\{prime\},\; phi^\{prime\})$

Interaction energies of spherical multipoles

A simple formula for the interaction energy of two non-overlappingbut concentric charge distributions can be derived. Let the first charge distribution $ho\_\{1\}(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})$ be centered on the origin and lie entirely within the second charge distribution $ho\_\{2\}(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})$. The interaction energy between any two static charge distributions is defined by

:$U\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; int\; dmathbf\{r\}\; ho\_\{2\}(mathbf\{r\})\; Phi\_\{1\}(mathbf\{r\})$

The potential $Phi\_\{1\}(mathbf\{r\})$ of the first (central) charge distribution may be expanded in exterior multipoles

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Q\_\{1lm\}left(\; frac\{1\}\{r^\{l+1\; ight)sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

where $Q\_\{1lm\}$ represents the $lm$exterior multipole moment of the first charge distribution. Substitution of this expansion yields the formula

:$U\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Q\_\{1lm\}int\; dmathbf\{r\}\; ho\_\{2\}(mathbf\{r\})left(\; frac\{1\}\{r^\{l+1\; ight)\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{lm\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

Since the integral equals the complex conjugate of the interior multipole moments $I\_\{2lm\}$ of the second (peripheral) charge distribution, the energyformula reduces to the simple form

:$U\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; sum\_\{m=-l\}^\{l\}\; Q\_\{1lm\}\; I\_\{2lm\}^\{*\}$

For example, this formula may be used to determine the electrostatic interaction energies of the atomic nucleus with its surrounding electronic orbitals. Conversely, given the interaction energiesand the interior multipole moments of the electronic orbitals, one may find the exterior multipole moments (and, hence, shape)of the atomic nucleus.

pecial case of axial symmetry

The spherical multipole expansion takes a simple form if the charge distribution is axially symmetric (i.e., is independent of the azimuthal angle $phi^\{prime\}$). By carrying out the $phi^\{prime\}$ integrations that define $Q\_\{lm\}$ and $I\_\{lm\}$, it can be shown themultipole moments are all zero except when $m=0$. Using themathematical identity

:$P\_\{l\}(cos\; heta)\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; sqrt\{frac\{4pi\}\{2l+1\; Y\_\{l0\}(\; heta,\; phi)$

the exterior multipole expansion becomes

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}left(\; frac\{Q\_\{l\{r^\{l+1\; ight)P\_\{l\}(cos\; heta)$

where the axially symmetric multipole moments are defined

:$Q\_\{l\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; int\; dmathbf\{r\}^\{prime\}\; ho(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})\; left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l\}\; P\_\{l\}(cos\; heta^\{prime\})$

In the limit that the charge is confined to the $z$-axis, we recover the exterior axial multipole moments.

Similarly the interior multipole expansion becomes

:$Phi(mathbf\{r\})\; =\; frac\{1\}\{4pivarepsilon\}\; sum\_\{l=0\}^\{infty\}\; I\_\{l\}\; r^\{l\}\; P\_\{l\}(cos\; heta)$

where the axially symmetric interior multipole moments are defined

:$I\_\{l\}\; stackrel\{mathrm\{def\{=\}\; int\; dmathbf\{r\}^\{prime\}\; frac\{\; ho(mathbf\{r\}^\{prime\})\}\{left(\; r^\{prime\}\; ight)^\{l+1P\_\{l\}(cos\; heta^\{prime\})$ In the limit that the charge is confined to the $z$-axis, we recover the interior axial multipole moments.

ee also

* Solid harmonics
* Laplace expansion
* Multipole moments
* Multipole expansion
* Legendre polynomials
* Axial multipole moments
* Cylindrical multipole moments

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