Fairground organ

A fairground organ (or band organ (U.S.)) is a pipe organ designed for use in a commercial public fairground setting to provide loud music to accompany fairground rides and attractions. Unlike organs intended for indoor use they are designed to produce a large volume of sound to be heard over and above the noise of crowds of people and fairground machinery. As fairgrounds became more mechanised at the end of the nineteenth century, their musical needs grew. The period of greatest activity of fairground organ manufacture and development is from the later 1880s through to the introduction of effective electrical sound amplification in the mid 1920s. The organ chassis was typically provided with an ornate and florid decorative case facade designed to be a further fairground attraction in its own right as with all fairground equipment.

The organs were constructed so as to be able to produce the popular music of the period. Organs were designed to mimic the musical capabilities of a typical human band. For this reason they are known as band organs in the US. Consequently the pipes and percussion and their divisions were chosen specifically to fulfil this concept.

The motive force for a fairground organ is typically wind under pressure generated from mechanically powered sets of bellows mounted in the base of the instrument. The instruments, designed to be operated without a human performer, are keyboardless apart from a few one-off examples. The organ is played mechanically by either a rotating barrel with the music pinned thereon like a musical box, a strip of card perforated with the musical data and registration controls called book music or interchangeable rolls of paper similarly programmed called music rolls.

Like all mechanical instruments fairground organs come in a vast array of sizes and technical specifications made by a myriad of manufacturers all of which had their own trademark characteristics. As with all vintage equipment there is a stong preservation movement associated with these instruments and today new instruments and music are still being made. Fairground organs were used in many settings such as general fairground rides, static side shows such as bioscope shows and various locations in amusements parks such as ice rinks and the like.

Manufacturers of fairground organs also typically made instruments for indoor usage in a dance hall called a dance organ and travelling street use called a street organ

Operation

Early organs were designed to be compact and operated mechanically or by an unskilled person. These were played by an integral pinned barrel which required no human input, other than selection of the number of the tune to be played. These had a fixed repertoire and, if it was desired to change the tunes, a complete new pinned barrel was required. To offer a more flexible choice of repertoire a system of robust interchangeable perforated cardboard book music was adopted first by Parisian manufacturers Gavioli. Their mecahnical system became widely regarded as reliable and they soon established a very strong market position, which is still evident today when one looks at the number of their surviving instruments. Other manufacturers soon followed suit. Book music offered a cheaper, more readily updated alternative to barrel music. Also introduced by various innovative manufacturers was operation via paper music roll. These rolls were more compact and cheaper to manufacture than even book music. Although they were more susceptible to poor handling, all systems experienced their own types of characteristic wear and tear during repeated playing. Both "book" and "roll" systems were manufactured with different patent operating actions which read the music either a) under pressure b) under suction c) mechanically. To extend longevity mechanically-read cardboard book music is typically strengthened with an application of shellac. Music rolls are typically fortified via the use of robust moisture resisting paper stocks.

All the functions of the organ are (apart from the smallest instruments) operated automatically from the music media. Larger instruments contain automatic organ stop register control and additional control tracks for operating percussion instruments, lighting effects and even automaton figures.

Builders

A non-exhaustive list of builders, past & present, categorised by the type of organs they built/build;

+ company still operating/new company- defunct company

"Fairground organ builders:"

*Artizan Factories, Inc. (North Tonawanda, NY) -
*B.A.B. Organ Company (Brooklyn, NY) [converted European organs to the B.A.B. roll system] -
*Cocchi, Bacigalupo & Graffigna (Berlin, Germany) -
*Alfred Bruder (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Gebrüder Bruder (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Ignatz Bruder Söhne (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Wilhelm Bruder Söhne (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Chiappa & Sons (London, England) +
*Eugene DeKleist (North Tonawanda, NY) -
*Dean Organ Builders (Whitchurch, Bristol, England) + [http://www.deanorganbuilders.co.uk/]
*Pierre Eich (Ghent, Belgium) -
*Marc Fournier (Seyssuel, France) + [http://www.limonaires-fournier.fr/]
*Frati & Co. (Berlin, Germany) -
*Carl Frei (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Gaudin Freres & Cie. (successors to Marenghi - Paris, France)
*Foucher-Gasparini (Paris, France) - [http://www.coaa.us/journal.html]
*Gavioli & Cie. (Paris, France) -
*Louis Hooghuys (Geraardsbergen, Belgium) - [http://www.hooghuys.com/]
*Jäger und Brommer (Waldkirch, Germany) + [http://www.barrel-organ.eu/]
*Johnson Organ Company, Inc. (Fargo, ND) + [http://www.johnsonorgan.com/]
*La Salvia - Pianos Órganos y Armonios (Buenos Aires, Argentina - "Since 1870") -
*Le Ludion (Toulouse, France) + [http://www.leludion.com/]
*Lemoine-Dussaux (Paris, France) - [http://organ.10.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=70]
*Limonaire Freres (Paris, France) -
*Charles Marenghi & Cie. (Paris, France) -
*Nederlands Boekorgel Centrum - (Hilvarenbeek Netherlands)
*Niagara Musical Instrument Mfg. Co. (North Tonawanda, NY) -
*North Tonawanda Musical Instrument Works (North Tonawanda, NY) - [http://www.mmdigest.com/Archives/Digests/200505/2005.05.08.06.html]
*John Page [formerly Page & Howard] (Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England) - [http://www.johnpage.co.uk/organs/neworgans.htm]
*Pooker Organ Works (Hawthorne, CA) + [http://seventails.com/pooker/pbohome1.html]
*Gebrüder Richter (Düsseldorf, Germany) - [http://www.draaiorgel.org/english/Organ%20builders%20UK.htm]
*Andreas Ruth & Sohn (Waldkirch, Germany) -
*Stinson Organ Company (Bellefontaine, OH) + [http://www.stinsonbandorgans.com/]
*Heinrich Voigt Orgelbau (Höchst (Frankfurt am Main), Germany) -
*Gebrüder Wellershaus (Mühlheim. Ruhr-Saarn, Germany) - [http://www.draaiorgel.org/english/articles/Wellershaus,%20history.htm]
*Fritz Wrede (Hannover-Kleefeld, Germany) - [http://www.draaiorgel.org/english/Organ%20builders%20UK.htm]
*Rudolph Wurlitzer Company (North Tonawanda, NY) -

"Street organ builders:"

*La Salvia - Pianos Órganos y Armonios (Buenos Aires, Argentina - "Since 1870") -
*Theo Heesbeen - (Tilburg, Netherlands) + [http://www.heesbeenorgelbouw.com/]
*Nederlands Boekorgel Centrum [NBC] (Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands) + [http://www.orgelweb.com/engels/index.php]
*G. Perlee Draaiorgels (Amsterdam, Netherlands) + [http://www.gperlee.com/index.html]
*Elbert Pluer (Bussum, Netherlands) [son of Anton Pluer] + [http://www.bandorgan.com/]

"Dance organ builders:"

*Usines Theofiel Mortier (Antwerp, Belgium) - [http://www.dansorgels.nl/Mortier/mortier1.htm]
*Fr. Decap (Herentals, Antwerp, Belgium) + [http://www.decap-herentals.be/]
*Gebr. Decap (Antwerp, Belgium) + [http://www.decap-gebr-antwerp.com/english%20main.htm]
*Gaudin Freres & Cie. (successors to Marenghi - Paris, France) -
*Nederlands Boekorgel Centrum (Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands) + [http://www.orgelweb.com/]

"All types of Mechanical Organs:"

*Nederlands Boekorgel Centrum (Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands) + [http://www.orgelweb.com/]

*J. Verbeeck BVBA (Sint-Job-in-'t-Goor, Belgium) + Manufacturer of all types of quality mechanical organs - est. 1884 + [http://www.j-verbeeck.com/]

References

Bopp, Ron: "The American Carousel Organ: An Illustrated Encyclopedia." Grove, OK: Ron Bopp, 1998.

Bowers, Q. David: "The Encyclopedia of Automatic Musical Instruments." Vestal, NY: Vestal Press, 1972.

Jüttemann, Herbert: "Waldkircher Dreh- und Jahrmarkt-Orgeln."Waldkirch: Waldkircher Verlag, 1993.

Jüttemann, Herbert: "Waldkirch Street and Fairground Organs." Rufforth, York: A.C. Pilmer, 2002. (Revised translation of above)

Reblitz, Arthur A.: "The Golden Age of Automatic Musical Instruments." Woodsville, NH: Mechanical Music Press, 2001.

Reblitz, Arthur A. and Bowers, Q. David: "Treasures of Mechanical Music." Vestal, NY: Vestal Press, 1981.

Cockayne, Eric V. "The Fair Organ - How It Works." UK, published by The Fair Organ Preservation Society

External links

* [http://www.fops.org Fair Organ Preservation Society]
* [http://www.coaa.us/ The Carousel Organ Association of America]
* [http://www.draaiorgel.org/english/index.htm Kring Van Draaiorgelvrienden]
* [http://www.moos.org.uk Mechanical Organ Owners Society]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/ozorgans/ Australian Mechanical Organ Society]
* [http://www.mbsi.org Musical Box Society International]
* [http://www.amica.org Automatic Musical Instrument Collectors Association]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/2831/ Gesellschaft für Selbstspielende Musikinstrumente e.V.]
* [http://www.aaimm.org/index.php A.A.I.M.M. Association des Amis des Instruments et de la Musique Mécanique]
* [http://www.sfmm.ch/ SFMM Schweizerischer Verein der Freunde mechanischer Musik]
* [http://www.fairgroundorgan.com/forum iMOD, the independent Mechanical Organ Discussions Forum]
* [http://www.dsvc.co.uk/forum/ Organ Alley fairground organ forum]
* [http://www.draaiorgelsite.nl Draaiorgel forum - street organ forum]
* [http://www.aobg.co.uk/index.html Amateur Organ Builders Group]
* [http://www.mmdigest.com/ MMD, the Mechanical Music Digest]
* [http://www.stalbansorganmuseum.org.uk St. Albans Organ Theatre (C.H. Hart collection)]
* [http://www.fairorganmuseum.co.uk Amersham Fair Organ Museum]
* [http://www.organito.com.ar/index_en.htm Argentinian Barrel Organ Museum] - Official website
* [http://www.timtrager.com Tim Trager's website with a fine collection of old catalog views and more!]

See also

* Mechanical organ
* Street organ
* Organ grinder
* Barrel organ
* Dance organ
* Calliope