Andromaque

Infobox_Play | name = Andromaque


caption = Title page from 1668 edition of "Andromaque"
writer = Jean Racine
characters = Andromaque
Pyrrhus
Oreste
Hermione
Pylade
Cléone
Céphise
Phoenix
setting = The Royal Palace at Bouthroton in Epirus

"Andromaque" is a tragedy in five acts by the French playwright Jean Racine written in alexandrine verse. It was first performed on 17 November 1667 before the court of Louis XIV in the Louvre in the private chambers of the Queen, Marie Thérèse, by the royal company of actors, called "les Grands Comédiens", with Thérèse Du Parc in the title role. The company gave the first public performance two days later in the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris. [ Pocket Classiques (1998), page 166.] Andromaque, the second of Racine's plays written at the age of 27, established its author's reputation as one of the great playwrights in France.

Origins of the play

Euripides' play Andromache and the third book of Virgil's Aeneid were the points of departure for Racine's play. The play takes place in the aftermath of the Trojan War, during which Andromache's husband Hector, son of Priam, has been slain by Achilles and their young son Astyanax has narrowly escaped a similar fate at the hands of Ulysses, who has unknowingly been tricked into killing another child in his place. Andromache has been taken prisoner in Epirus by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, who is due to be married to Hermione, the only daughter of the Spartan king Menelaus and Helen of Troy. Oreste, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, brother to Electra and Iphigenia, and by now absolved of the crime of matricide prophesied by the Delphic oracle, has come tothe court of Pyrrhus to plead on behalf of the Greeks for the return of Astyanax.

Racine's play is a story of human passion, with the structure of an unrequited love chain: Oreste is in love with Hermione, who only wishes to please Pyrrhus, who is in love with Andromaque, who is determined to honour the memory of her murdered husband Hector and to protect the future of their son Astyanax. Oreste's presence at the court of Pyrrhus unleashes a violent undoing of the chain. At the climax, provoked by Hermione's desperation, Oreste murders Pyrrhus in a mad rage; this only serves to deepen Hermione's despair and she takes her own life by the side of Pyrrhus.

The importance of the theme of gallantry is a common feature with Racine's previous work, "Alexandre le Grand". His subsequent plays gradually purified the tragic element until it reached its zenith with "Phèdre".

Characters

Names of characters in French, with their equivalents in English:

* Andromaque, or Andromache, widow of Hector, held captive by Pyrrhus.
* Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, king of Epirus.
* Oreste, or Orestes, son of Agamemnon.
* Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, betrothed to Pyrrhus.
* Pylade, or Pylades, a friend of Oreste.
* Cléone, or Cleone, confidante of Hermione.
* Céphise, Cephisa, confidante of Andromaque.
* Phoenix, mentor to Achilles, and then to Pyrrhus.

Plot summary

Act 1: Oreste, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax to death, for fear that Hector's son may one day avenge Troy. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks.

Act 2: Oreste speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Oreste that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax.

Act 3: Oreste is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione and Pyrrhus to spare her son. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do.

Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Oreste to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him.

Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death, because she loves him. Before she can cancel her request, Oreste appears and announces that he has completed the mission she has charged him with. She thanks him with insults. Oreste becomes crazed because of a curse placed upon him by the Furies, and Hermione kills herself.

Performance and influences

Unlike the majority of Racine's plays, "Andromaque" has never gone out of vogue, and the tragedy is among the most venerable works of the Comédie-Française's repertoire. It is also the most often read and studied classicist play in French schools. Jacques Rivette's four-hour film "L'Amour fou" centers around rehearsals of a production of "Andromaque". Rossini's opera "Ermione" is based on Racine's play.

Notes

References

#cite book |last =Racine | first = Jean| title = Andromaque |publisher= Éditions Gallimard|series = Folio Editions|year=1994
id = ISBN 978-2070386529
#cite book |last =Racine | first = Jean| title = Andromaque |publisher= Éditions Pocket|series = Pocket Classiques|year=1998
id = ISBN 978-2-266-08279-2
#cite book |last= Racine |first= Jean |title= Andromache/Berenice/Britannicus|publisher= Penguin Books |year= 1967
id= ISBN 0140441956 (English translation by J. Cairncross)

External links

* [http://www.tclt.org.uk/racine/Andromache.pdf "Andromaque: English and French, side by side"]