- Visual arts of Cambodia
The history of visual arts in
Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during theAngkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts includetextiles , non-textileweaving ,silversmithing ,stone carving ,lacquerware , ceramics,wat murals , andkite -making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by theKhmer Rouge . The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.History
The history of Cambodian art stretches back centuries to ancient
pottery ,silk weaving , andstone carving . The height ofKhmer art occurred during theAngkor period; much of the era's stone carving and architecture survives to the present. In pre-colonial Cambodia, art and crafts were generally produced either by rural non-specialists for practical use or by skilled artists producing works for the Royal Palace. In modern Cambodia, many artistic traditions entered a period of decline or even ceased to be practiced, but the country has experienced a recent artistic revival as the tourist market has increased and governments and NGOs have contributed to the preservation of Cambodian culture.:"Further information: http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1820.html
Traditional visual arts
Textiles
Silk weaving in Cambodia has a long history. The practice dates to as early as the first century, and textiles were used in trade duringAngkor ian times. Even modern textile production evidences these historic antecedents: motifs found on silk today often echo clothing details on ancient stone sculptures.Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1821.html "Silk weaving"] .]There are two main types of Cambodian weaving. The
ikat technique (Khmer: "chong kiet"), which produces patterned fabric, is quite complex. To create patterns, weavers tie and dye portions ofweft yarn before weaving begins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region; common motifs include lattice, stars, and spots. The second weaving technique, unique to Cambodia, is called "uneventwill ". It yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by weaving three threads so that the "color of one thread dominates on one side of the fabric, while the two others determine the colour on the reverse side." Traditionally, Cambodian textiles have employed natural dyes. Red dye comes fromlac insect nests, blue dye fromindigo , yellow and green dye fromprohut bark, and black dye fromebony bark.Cambodia's modern silk-weaving centers are
Takeo ,Battambang ,Beanteay Meanchey ,Siem Reap andKampot provinces. Silk-weaving has seen a major revival recently, with production doubling over the past ten years. This has provided employment for many rural women. Cambodian silk is generally sold domestically, where it is used in "sampot " (wrap skirts), furnishings, and "pidan" (pictoral tapestries), but interest in international trade is increasing.Cotton textiles have also played a significant role in Cambodian culture. Though today Cambodia imports most of its cotton, traditionally woven cotton remains popular. Rural women often weave homemade cotton fabric, which is used in garments and for household purposes.Krama , the traditional check scarves worn almost universally by Cambodians, are made of cotton. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1827.html "Cotton weaving (tbanh ambas)"] .]Non-textile weaving
Many Cambodian farmers weave baskets (Khmer: tbanh kantrak) for household use or as a supplemental source of income. Most baskets are many of thinly cut bamboo. Regions known for basketry include
Siem Reap andKompong Cham . [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1824.html "Basket weaving (tbanh kantrak)"] .] Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel) is a common seasonal occupation. They are most commonly made from reeds, either left a natural tan color or dyed in deep jewel tones. The region of Cambodia best-known for mat weaving is the Mekong floodplain, especially aroundLvea Em district. Mats are commonly laid out for guests and are important building materials for homes. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1825.html "Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel)"] .] Wicker and rattan crafts (tbanh kanchoeu) made fromdryandra trees are also significant. Common wicker and rattan products include walls, mats, furniture, and other household items. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1826.html "Wicker and rattan (tbanh kanchoeu)"] .]tone carving
Cambodia's best-known stone carving adorns the temples of
Angkor , which are "renowned for the scale, richness and detail of their sculpture". In modern times, however, the art of stone carving became rare, largely because older sculptures survived undamaged for centuries (eliminating the need for replacements) and because of the use of cement molds for modern temple architecture. By the 1970s and 1980s, the craft of stone carving was nearly lost.Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1828.html "Stone carving"] .]During the late 20th century, however, efforts to restore Angkor resulted in a new demand for skilled stone carvers to replace missing or damaged pieces, and a new tradition of stone carving is arising to meet this need. Most modern carving is traditional-style, but some carvers are experimenting with contemporary designs. Interest is also renewing for using stone carving in modern wats. Modern carvings are typically made from
Banteay Meanchey sandstone , though stone fromPursat andKompong Thom is also used.Lacquerware
The height of Cambodian traditional
lacquerware was between the 12th and 16th centuries; some examples of work from this era, including gilded Buddha images andbetel boxes, have survived to the present day. Lacquerware was traditionally colored black using burnt wood, representing the underworld; red using mercury, representing the earth; and yellow using arsenic, representing the heavens. Lacquer on Angkorian stone dates to the 15th or 16 century.Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1829.html "Lacquerware"] .]In modern Cambodia, the art of lacquerwork nearly faded into oblivion: few lacquer trees survived, and lacquer was unavailable in local markets. Today's revival is still in its infancy, but 100 lacquer artists have been trained by a French expert under the guidance of Artisans d'Angkor, a company that produces traditional crafts in village workshops. Some artists are "beginning to experiment with different techniques and styles...to produce modern and striking effects."
ilversmithing
Silversmithing in Cambodia dates back centuries. The Royal Palace traditionally patronized silversmiths' workshops, and silversmiths remain concentrated at Kompong Luong, near the former royal capital
Oudong . Silver was made into a variety of items, including weaponry, coins, ceremonial objects used in funerary and religious rituals, and betel boxes. During Cambodia's colonial period, artisans at the School of Fine Art produced celebrated silverwork, and by the late 1930s there were more than 600 silversmiths. Today, silverwork is popular for boxes, jewellery, and souvenir items; these are often adorned with fruit, fire, and Angkor-inspired motifs. Men produce most of the forms for such work, but women often complete the intricate filigree. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1822.html "Silversmithing"] .]Ceramics
Cambodian pottery traditions date to 5000 BCE. Ceramics were mostly used for domestic purposes such as holding food and water. There is no evidence that Khmer ceramics were ever exported, though ceramics were imported from elsewhere in Asia beginning in the 10th century. Ceramics in the shape of birds, elephants, rabbits, and other animals were popular between the 11th and 13th centuries.Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1823.html "Ceramics"] .]
Potting traditionally was done either on a
pottery wheel or using shaping tools such as paddles and anvils. Firing was done in clay kilns, which could reach temperatures of 1,000–1,200 °C, or in the open air, at temperatures of around 700 °C. Primarily green and brown glazes were used. In rural Cambodia, traditional pottery methods remained. Many pieces are hand-turned and fired on an open fire without glaze. The country's major center for pottery isKompong Chhnang Province .Wat murals
Because of destruction during recent war, few historic
wat mural s remain in Cambodia. In the 1960s, art historians Guy and Jacqueline Nafilyan photographed 19th-century murals, providing a record of this lost cultural heritage. The best known surviving murals are at theSilver Pagoda inPhnom Penh ,Wat Rajabo inSiem Reap province , andWat Kompong Tralach Leu inKompong Chhnang Province . In the last decade, wat murals have seen a resurgence, but Cambodia's surviving older murals are generally more refined and detailed. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1830.html "Wat (pagoda) painting"] .]Masks
:"See http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1831.html
Kites
Cambodia's kite-making and kite-flying tradition, which dates back many centuries, was revived in the early 1990s and is now extremely popular throughout the country. Kites (Khmer: khleng ek) are generally flown at night during the northeast monsoon season. A bow attached to the kites resonates in the wind, producing a musical sound. [Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1866.html "Kite Making"] .]
Modern and contemporary visual arts
Cambodia's tradition of modern (representational) drawing, painting, and sculpture was established in the late 1940s at the School of Cambodian Arts (later called the University of Fine Arts), where it occupied occupied much of the school's curriculum a decade later. These developments were supported by the government, which encouraged new areas of specialization (e.g. design and modern painting) at the school and purchased modern art for the Prime Minister's residences and for government buildings. Galleries opened in Phnom Penh during the 1960s, and cultural centers hosted exhibitions of modern paintings and provided art libraries. During the subsequent Khmer Rouge era, many artists were killed and art production nearly ceased.Visiting Arts (2005), [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1792.html "Modern and contemporary visual arts"] .]
After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, artists and professors returned the University of Fine Arts to rebuild arts training. Socialist Bloc governments sponsored the education of young art students in Poland, Bulgaria, the former Soviet Union, and Hungary during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Other local efforts aimed to re-establish workshops, collect documents, and preserve traditional knowledge.
Though several galleries present changing exhibitions in Phnom Penh, the vast majority of artists cannot support themselves through exhibitions and sales of modern work. Artists generally earn income from Angkor-inspired art for tourists or from painting commercial signs and large reproductions that in the West would be mechanically produced.
Several broad schools of art exist among modern Cambodian artists. Some artists, including
Som Samai (a silversmith),An Sok (a mask-maker), andChet Chan (a painter) follow colonial traditions to produce traditional Khmer art.Chhim Sothy 's work is also derived from these traditions. Many young artists who studied abroad in the 1980s, includingPhy Chan Than ,Soeung Vannara ,Long Sophea , andProm Sam An , have presented a modern Khmer art forms combining subjects from Khmer art with Western modernism. Other notable Cambodian artists include Leang Seckon, Pich Sopheap, Svay Ken, Asasax, Chhan Dina, Lam Soeung, and Chhorn Bun Son. During the 1990s, Cambodia saw the return of many members of the Khmer diaspora, including several internationally recognized artists. Among these areMarine Ky andChath Piersath .References
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