Brotula

Taxobox
name = Brotulas

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = "Hephthocara simum"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Ophidiiformes
familia = Bythitidae
subdivision_ranks = Genera and species
subdivision = See text.

Brotulas are a family, Bythitidae, of ophidiiform fishes, also known as viviparous brotulas as they bear live young. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. They are small fishes that live in surface waters or around reefs.

A few species are freshwater: for example, the Mexican blind brotula, "Ogilbia pearsei", is found in caves and sinkholes in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.

In recent years many new species have been added to this family. In 2007 8 new genera with 20 new species were described in a single paper by Danish and German scientists.cite journal | journal = The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory | volume = 23 | year = 2007 | pages = 29–110 | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-West pacific. Part III. Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Monothrix and 8 new genera with description of 20 new species. | author = Schwarzhans & Møller]

Genera and species

There are 110 species in 36 genera:
* Genus "Acarobythites"
** "Acarobythites larsonae" Machida, 2000.
* Genus "Beaglichthys"
** "Beaglichthys macrophthalmus" Machida, 1993.
* Genus "Bellottia"
** "Bellottia apoda" Giglioli, 1883.
** "Bellottia armiger" (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
* Genus "Bidenichthys"
** "Bidenichthys beeblebroxi" Paulin, 1995.
** Freetail brotula, "Bidenichthys capensis" Barnard, 1934.
** Grey brotula, "Bidenichthys consobrinus" (Hutton, 1876). [
Grey brotula, "Bidenichthys consobrinus"]
* Genus "Brosmodorsalis"
** Pink brotula, "Brosmodorsalis persicinus" Paulin & Roberts, 1989.
* Genus "Brosmolus"
** "Brosmolus longicaudus" Machida, 1993.
* Genus "Brosmophyciops"
** Slimy cuskeel, "Brosmophyciops pautzkei" Schultz, 1960.
* Genus "Brosmophycis"
** Red brotula, "Brosmophycis marginata" (Ayres, 1854).
* Genus "Brotulina"
** "Brotulina erythrea" (Fowler, 1946).
** Dusky brotulid, "Brotulina fusca" Fowler, 1946.
* Genus "Bythites"
** "Bythites fuscus" (Fowler, 1946).
** "Bythites gerdae" Nielsen & Cohen, 1973.
** "Bythites islandicus" Nielsen & Cohen, 1973.
* Genus "Calamopteryx"
** Longarm brotula, "Calamopteryx goslinei" Böhlke & Cohen, 1966.
** "Calamopteryx jeb" Cohen, 1973.
** Teacher brotula, "Calamopteryx robinsorum" Cohen, 1973.
* Genus "Cataetyx"
** "Cataetyx alleni" (Byrne, 1906).
** "Cataetyx bruuni" (Nielsen & Nybelin, 1963).
** "Cataetyx chthamalorhynchus" Cohen, 1981.
** "Cataetyx hawaiiensis" Gosline, 1954.
** "Cataetyx laticeps" Koefoed, 1927.
** "Cataetyx lepidogenys" (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
** Hairlip brotula, "Cataetyx messieri" (Günther, 1878). [
Hairlip brotula, "Cataetyx messieri"]
** Brown brotula, "Cataetyx niki" Cohen, 1981.
** "Cataetyx platyrhynchus" Machida, 1984.
** Rubynose brotula, "Cataetyx rubrirostris" Gilbert, 1890.
** "Cataetyx simus" (Alcock, 1892).
* Genus "Dermatopsis"
** "Dermatopsis greenfieldi" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 44ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** "Dermatopsis hoesei" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 47ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** "Dermatopsis joergennielseni" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 50ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** Fleshfish, "Dermatopsis macrodon" Ogilby, 1896. [
Fleshfish, "Dermatopsis macrodon"]
** "Dermatopsis multiradiatus" McCulloch & Waite, 1918.
* Genus "Dermatopsoides"
** "Dermatopsoides andersoni" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 57ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** Orange brotula, "Dermatopsoides kasougae" (Smith, 1943).
** "Dermatopsoides morrisonae" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 60ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** Lesser orange brotula, "Dermatopsoides talboti" Cohen, 1966.
* Genus "Diancistrus"
** "Diancistrus longifilis" Ogilby, 1899.
* Genus "Dinematichthys"
** "Dinematichthys dasyrhynchus" Cohen & Hutchins, 1982.
** Yellow pigmy brotula, "Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides" Bleeker, 1855.
** "Dinematichthys indicus" Machida, 1994.
** "Dinematichthys megasoma" Machida, 1994.
** "Dinematichthys minyomma" Sedor & Cohen, 1987.
** Hump-backed dwarf brotula, "Dinematichthys randalli" Machida, 1994.
** "Dinematichthys riukiuensis" Aoyagi, 1954.
* Genus "Diplacanthopoma"
** "Diplacanthopoma alcockii" Goode & Bean, 1896.
** "Diplacanthopoma brachysoma" Günther, 1887.
** "Diplacanthopoma brunnea" Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
** "Diplacanthopoma japonicus" (Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887).
** "Diplacanthopoma jordani" Garman, 1899.
** "Diplacanthopoma kreffti" Cohen & Nielsen, 2002.
** "Diplacanthopoma nigripinnis" Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924.
** "Diplacanthopoma raniceps" Alcock, 1898.
** "Diplacanthopoma riversandersoni" Alcock, 1895.
* Genus "Dipulus"
** "Dipulus caecus" Waite, 1905.
** "Dipulus hutchinsi" Moller & Schwarzhans, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Beagle | volume = 22 | year = 2006 | pages = 67ff. | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species. | author = Moller & Schwarzhans]
** "Dipulus norfolkanus" Machida, 1993.
* Genus "Fiordichthys"
** Fiordland brotula, "Fiordichthys slartibartfasti" Paulin, 1995.
* Genus "Gerhardia"
** "Gerhardia hollisi" (Cohen, Rosenblatt & Moser, 1990).
* Genus "Grammonoides"
** Bighead brotula, "Grammonoides opisthodon" (Smith, 1934).
* Genus "Grammonus"
** "Grammonus ater" (Risso, 1810).
** Reef-cave brotula, "Grammonus claudei" (de la Torre y Huerta, 1930).
** Purple brotula, "Grammonus diagrammus" (Heller & Snodgrass, 1903).
** "Grammonus longhursti" (Cohen, 1964).
** "Grammonus robustus" Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
** "Grammonus thielei" Nielsen & Cohen, 2004.
** "Grammonus waikiki" (Cohen, 1964).
** "Grammonus yunokawai" Nielsen, 2007. [cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | year = 2007 | pages = 374–379 | title = Grammonus yunokawai (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae), a new marine cavefish from the Ryukyu Islands | author = Nielsen | doi = 10.1007/s10228-007-0412-4]
* Genus "Gunterichthys"
** Gold brotula, "Gunterichthys longipenis" Dawson, 1966.
* Genus "Hastatobythites"
** "Hastatobythites arafurensis" Machida, 1997.
* Genus "Hephthocara"
** "Hephthocara crassiceps" Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
** "Hephthocara simum" Alcock, 1892.
* Genus "Lucifuga"
** Toothed Cuban cusk-eel, "Lucifuga dentata" Poey, 1858.
** "Lucifuga inopinata" Cohen & McCosker, 1998.
** "Lucifuga simile" Nalbant, 1981.
** New Providence cusk-eel, "Lucifuga spelaeotes" Cohen & Robins, 1970.
** Cuban cusk-eel, "Lucifuga subterranea" Poey, 1858.
** "Lucifuga teresinarum" Díaz Pérez, 1988.
* Genus "Melodichthys"
** "Melodichthys hadrocephalus" Nielsen & Cohen, 1986.
** "Melodichthys paxtoni" Nielsen & Cohen, 1986.
* Genus "Microbrotula"
** "Microbrotula bentleyi" Anderson, 2005.
** "Microbrotula polyactis" Anderson, 2005.
** "Microbrotula queenslandica" Anderson, 2005.
** "Microbrotula randalli" (Machida, 1994).
** "Microbrotula rubra" Gosline, 1953.
* Genus "Monothrix"
** "Monothrix mizolepis" (Günther, 1867).
** "Monothrix polylepis" Ogilby, 1897.
* Genus "Ogilbia"
** Key brotula, "Ogilbia cayorum" Evermann & Kendall, 1898.
** Deroy's cuskeel, "Ogilbia deroyi" (Poll & van Mol, 1966).
** Galapagos cuskeel, "Ogilbia galapagosensis" (Poll & LeLeup, 1965).
** Mexican blind brotula, "Ogilbia pearsei" (Hubbs, 1938).
** Gulf cuskeel, "Ogilbia ventralis" (Gill, 1863).
** "Ogilbia suarezae" Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2005.
* Genus "Parabrosmolus"
** "Parabrosmolus novaeguineae" Machida, 1996.
* Genus "Pseudonus"
** "Pseudonus acutus" Garman, 1899.
** "Pseudonus platycephalus" (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
** "Pseudonus squamiceps" (Lloyd, 1907).
* Genus "Saccogaster"
** "Saccogaster hawaii" Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
** "Saccogaster maculata" Alcock, 1889.
** "Saccogaster melanomycter" Cohen, 1981.
** "Saccogaster normae" Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
** "Saccogaster parva" Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
** "Saccogaster rhamphidognatha" Cohen, 1987.
** "Saccogaster staigeri" Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
** "Saccogaster tuberculata" (Chan, 1966).
* Genus "Stygnobrotula"
** Black widow, "Stygnobrotula latebricola" Böhlke, 1957.
* Genus "Thalassobathia"
** "Thalassobathia nelsoni" Lee, 1974.
** "Thalassobathia pelagica" Cohen, 1963.
* Genus "Tuamotuichthys"
** "Tuamotuichthys bispinosus" Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2004. [cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | year = 2004 | pages = 146-152 | title = "Tuamotuichthys bispinosus", a new genus and species from off Tuamotu Islands, South Pacific Ocean (Ophiidiformes, Bythitidae) | author = Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen]
** "Tuamotuichthys marshallensis" Nielsen, Møller & Randall, 2006. [cite journal | journal = Steenstrupia | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 169–173 | title = "Tuamotuichthys marshallensis", a new species of fish (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) from the Marshall Islands | author = Nielsen, Møller & Randall]
* Genus "Ungusurculus"
** "Ungusurculus riauensis" Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.
* Genus "Zephyrichthys"
** "Zephyrichthys barryi" Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.

References

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