Innocenzo Manzetti

Innocenzo Manzetti

Innocenzo Vincenzo Bartolomeo Luigi Carlo Manzetti (17 March 1826 – 17 March 1877) was an Italian inventor born in Aosta. Following his primary school studies he went to the Jesuit-run Saint Bénin Boarding School and then on to Turin where he was awarded a diploma in land surveying before returning to Aosta.

Inventions

Automaton

In 1849 he constructed a flute-playing automaton, in the shape of a man, life-size, seated on a chair. Hidden inside the chair were levers, connecting rods and compressed air tubes, which made the automaton's lips and fingers move on the flute according to a program recorded on a cylinder similar to those used in player pianos. The automaton was powered by clockwork and could perform 12 different arias. As part of the performance it would rise from the chair, bow its head, and roll its eyes.

Later he managed to get his automaton to play any piece performed by a musician on an organ by muting the organ's keys and connecting them to the automaton's fingers. A complex automaton was described in the same 1865 news article that described Manzetti's telephone.^[1] He also built, as a toy for his daughter, a wooden flying parrot which would beat its wings then, reportedly, rise into the air and hover for two or three minutes before settling on a shelf.

Hydraulics

In 1855 Manzetti invented a hydraulic machine to empty water from the wells of the Ollomont Mines, which were previously unworkable.

Steam car

In 1864 he built a steam-powered car, some 27 years before that built in Paris by Léon Serpollet.

Speaking telegraph (telephone)

In 1844 Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph”, or telephone, but didn't pursue the idea at the time. In 1864, to give his automaton the power of speech, Manzetti is reported to have invented his speaking telegraph –some reports state that he didn't actually get it working until the following year.^{[citation needed]} Although he did not patent his device it was reported in Paris,^[1] and likely in the press around the world.

In 22 November 1865 a description of a telephone device attributed to Manzetti appeared in the Parisian newspaper, Le Petit Journal, extracted from a similar article in the Sardinia Courier ("Il Corriere di Sardegna").^[1] The article very briefly wrote of an electrical telephone that could reproduce music and loudly spoken vowels with good quality, but could only produce softly spoken speech confusingly.^[1] The article's author wrote:

“Manzetti transmits directly the word by means of the ordinary telegraphic wire, with an apparatus simpler than the one which is now used for dispatches. Now, two merchants will be able to discuss their business instantly from London to Calcutta, announce each other speculations, propose them, conclude them. Many experiments have been made already. They were successful enough to establish the practical possibility of this discovery. Music can already be perfectly transmitted; as for the words, the sonorous ones are heard distinctly.”

Earlier, on 22 August 1865, La Feuille d'Aoste had reported:^[2]

"It was also rumoured that English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intended to apply the invention on several private telegraph lines in England."

Suggestions of the alleged intellectual property theft appear unsubstantiated, as there were no historical records of English technicians or companies implementing 'speaking telegraphs' in the U.K., or elsewhere, in that time period. The United Kingdom did not see its first telephone demonstrations until A.G. Bell demonstrated one of his early devices to Queen Victoria and others in 1877. Well documented sources record that Bell first conceptualized and invented electrical telephony in Canada in July 1874,^[3] and did not actually build a working model until March 1876, thus mooting the suggestion of the invention's theft from Manzetti by Bell or others although contacts between Bell and Meucci prior to Bell's patent filings are confirmed.

Miscellaneous inventions

Other machines invented by Manzetti included:

• geodetic instruments that he needed for his work as a surveyor
• a bicycle
• a piano
• a special pantograph for the reproduction of bas-reliefs on ivory, marble or wood
• a telescope with three converging lenses that allowed the user to observe a movement at a distance of more than 4 miles (7 km)
• a pendulum watch which would work for one year on a single winding.

Family

Manzetti married Rosa Sofia Anzola in 1864. His first daughter, Maria Sofia, died in 1867 at the age of two. Manzetti himself died in Aosta on his 51st birthday, poor and largely unrecognized, one year after the death of his second and last daughter, Marina Fortunata.

His brother's grand-grandson, Sergio Manzetti, much later (2001) published the "Manzetti Mechanism", that describes the hydrolysis of peptides from a group of enzymes called metalloproteases. He also published a tentative approximation of exploiting universal non-additivity with Le Chatelier's Principle for architecturing perpetual energy-generating nano-units driven by enzymes.^[4] The aspect of perpetuality is based on the continuous fluctuation of ions separated by nano-layers with pores. The pores regulate the fluctuation of ions by enzyme function of a group of enzymes called Voltage-gated potassium channels, who react to a specific change in voltage. The change in voltage is perpetuated by Le Chatelier's mechanism. Non-additive contributions to enzyme function are expected to affect in turn the entropy of the chambers, which when multiplied to many chambers, is expected to act as a independent force differing from the Le Chatelier's effects. This becomes the driving force of the nanoenergetic cell, through the arising alternating voltage-potential between chambers.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Quétànd, Èmile (translator). Curiosity of Science, Le Petit Journal, November 22, 1865, No.1026, p.3 (bottom). Extracted from: "Of The Transmission Of Sound And Speech By Telegraph", "Il Corriere di Sardegna" (The Sardinia Courier), date unknown. Retrieved October 3, 2010, from: National Library of France Gallica Digital Archives, this webpage, this document permalink ; this Pg.3 permalink ; this image download FTP.
2. ^ Innocenzo Manzetti: Curiosities Of Science, ChezBasilio website. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
3. ^ Bruce 1990, pg.122
4. ^ [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnt/2011/158434/ Renewable Energy Driven by Le Chatelier's Principle, Enzyme Function, and Non-Additive Contributions to Ion Fluctuations: A Hypothesis in Biomechanical and Nanotechnology Energy Theory. Journal of Nanotechnology Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 158434, 8 pages doi:10.1155/2011/158434]

External links

• Innocenzo Manzetti website
• Innocenzo Manzetti edited by Dr. Basilio Catania, international telecommunications researcher and historian

Persondata
Name	Manzetti, Innocenzo
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Date of birth	17 March 1826
Place of birth
Date of death	17 March 1877
Place of death