Hayâlî

Hayâlî (خيالى) (1500?–1557) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: ﻡﺨﻠﺺ "mahlas") of an Ottoman poet. He was among the most well-known and respected poets of the court of the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I.

Life

Though the exact birth date of the poet later called Hayâlî is not known, it is known that he was born sometime during the reign of Sultan Bâyezîd II (1481–1512), in the city of Yenice-i Vardar in Macedonia. His real name was Mehmed (محمد).

Apparently, Mehmed was interested in poetry from a very young age, as the biographer ‘Âşık Çelebi recounts that he read the "Bôstân" ("The Orchard") and the "Gülistân" ("The Rose Garden") of the Persian poet Sa‘di in his youth [Şentürk 263] . At some time during his youth, the wandering Sufi dervish Baba ‘Alî Mest-i ‘Ajem ("Father ‘Alî the Drunkard of Persia") came to Yenice-i Vardar with his disciples, and Mehmed was attracted enough to him to leave home, join the group, and follow Baba ‘Alî to Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. During the journey, he was further educated in poetry, as well as in Sufi thought and practice, by Baba ‘Alî [Andrews 233–234] .In Istanbul, one of the city's chief judges, Sarı Gürz Nûreddîn Efendi, saw the young Mehmed together with Baba ‘Alî's band of dervishes, and—considering this inappropriate for the boy—he removed him from among them and entrusted him to the care of one of the city's police chiefs. Here, he continued his education and also began to attract notice as a poet, writing under the name Hayâlî ("the Imaginative").

Eventually, Hayâlî came to the attention of İbrâhîm Pasha—the Ottoman Grand Vizier at the time—and through him to the attention of Sultan Süleymân I. He became one of the sultan's favored poets, was supported by him through the patronage system in place in the Ottoman court at the time, and accompanied the sultan's forces in their siege of the island of Rhodes in 1522 and the conquest of the city of Baghdad from the Persian Safavid Empire in 1534; during this latter campaign, Hayâlî is rumored to have met the great Azerbaijani poet Fuzûlî [Şentürk 263] . For his poetic talents, Hayâlî was given a number of informal titles: "Melik-üş-şuarâ" ("Sultan of poets"), "Diyâr-ı Rûm'un Sultân-ı Şuarâsı" ("Sultan of the Poets of the Western Lands"), and "Hayâlî-i meşhûr" ("Hayâlî the famous") [Cengiz 375] . Hayâlî's popularity with the Grand Vizier and the sultan, however, also earned him many enemies among other poets, and he was frequently the subject of lampoons [Andrews 234] .

After the fall and execution of Hayâlî's main patron İbrâhîm Pasha in 1536, and the ascension to the post of Grand Vizier of Rüstem Pasha—who was less tolerant towards the somewhat decadent lifestyle of the court—Hayâlî's life became more difficult, and eventually he requested and was given the position of "sancakbey", or governor of a provincial district, outside of Istanbul, near to the Thracian city of Edirne; this position allowed him to add the title "bey" to his name, and he is still often known as "Hayâlî Bey". He died in Edirne in the year 1557.

Work

Hayâlî lived in the greatest era of Ottoman literature, specifically the Divan tradition. He was the most important poet until the rise of Bâkî, another well known Turkish poet. Hayâlî’s works were written in a simple language and style but the concepts he used were very imaginative, creative and rich. So it is possible to say that his style was simple in context, but complex in concept. The very reason of his pen name Hayâlî (meaning “imaginary”) was the fact that his works had a rich, imaginary atmosphere and contained many spiritual images. His Divan is one of the most important works in the Divan tradition of Turkish literature.

References

* Andrews, Walter G. "Hayâlî" in "Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology". pp. 233–235. ISBN 0-292-70472-0.
* Cengiz, Halil Erdoğan. "Hayâlî" in "Divan Şiiri Antolojisi". pp. 374–375. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1983.
* Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. "Hayâlî Bey" in "Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi". pp. 263–279. ISBN 975-08-0163-6.

Notes