- First Manchu invasion of Korea
Infobox Korean name
hangul=정묘호란
hanja=丁卯胡亂
rr=Jeongmyo-Horan
mr=Chŏngmyo-Horan
The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627, whenHong Taiji led theManchu army againstKorea 'sJoseon dynasty . It was followed by theSecond Manchu invasion of Korea .Background
Joseon helped Ming
China with 10,000 soldiers when she attacked Manchus' Later Jin underNurhaci in 1619, but Korean GeneralGang Hong-rip surrendered to Nurhaci. Gang insisted that Korea did not hold anything against the Manchus and that she sent reinforcements only to repay an obligation to Ming. Nurhaci and his sonDaišan were not interested in conquering Korea either, partially because ancestors of the earlier Jin Dynasty had roots in ancient Korean Kingdom ofSilla . As such, he did not consider them an enemy. This antiwar policy lasted until Nurhaci's death.In Korea the Westerners faction deposed the realist king Gwanghaegun and installed King Injo in 1623. This faction took explicit pro-Ming, anti-Manchu policies. In addition, Ming Mobile Corps Commander
Mao Wenlong engaged inguerrilla warfare , based in an island off the Korean peninsula.The first Manchu expedition was triggered by
Yi Gwal 's rebellion against King Injo in 1624. The revolt was soon crushed but remnants fled toManchuria . They recommended Hong Taiji to invade Korea.War
In 1627,
Huang Taiji dispatchedAmin ,Jirgalang ,Ajige andYoto to Korea guided by Gang Hong-rip and other Koreans. The Korean army was ill-prepared for defence against Manchu one, still not recovered from Seven-Year War against Japan. The Manchus managed to march deep within Korean territory. They also defeated Mao Wenlong's troops but failed to capture the commander. When the Manchus advanced southward toHwangju , King Injo fled from Hanseong (Seoul ) to Ganghwa Island in panic.Despite the dominant situation, the Manchus pushed peace negotiations, probably because Hong Taiji was concerned about the home defence. They offered peace to Korea, which was soon accepted, despite the opposition of some anti-Manchu statesmen who failed to appreciate the strong position of Manchus. The following settlement was agreed upon in
Ganghwa Island :
#Korea abandons the Ming era name Tianqi (天啓).
#Korea offers Yi Gak as a hostage as a substitute for a royal prince.
#(Later) Jin and Korea will not violate each other's territory.In the meantime, Amin in
Pyongyang looted the city for days, before he was ordered by Hang Taji to sign the peace agreement. This agreement was more favorable to the Manchus. After the four month expedition, the Manchu army withdrew toMukden .Aftermath
The two sides conducted postwar negotiations. The Manchus forced Korea to open markets near the borders because the long conflict with Ming brought economic hardship to the Manchus. Korea also returned the Warka tribe to Later Jin. The Manchus regularly exacted tribute from Korea.
The relationship between Joseon and Later Jin remained uncomfortable and bleak. While the first invasion was not as catastrophic to Korea as the second, nine years later, would be, it was bitterly resented by Confucian statesmen and scholars who believed that it was treacherous for Korea to abandon Ming China after the Chinese assistance against Japan during the Seven-Year War. This resentment was inflamed when in 1636 the Manchus demanded to change the terms of diplomatic relationship from equality to Suzerainty-Tributary. The Korean Court, dominated by anti-Manchu hawks, rejected the demand. This led to the
second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636.ee also
*
History of Korea
*List of Korea-related topics
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