Frank Malina

Frank Joseph Malina (October 2, 1912 in Brenham, Texas- November 9, 1981 in Boulogne Billancourt (France) was an American aeronautical engineer and painter, especially known for becoming both a pioneer in the art world and the realm of scientific engineering. His father came from Bohemia. His formal education began with a degree in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University in 1934.

In 1935, while a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Malina persuaded Professor of Aeronautics Theodore von Kármán to allow him to pursue studies into rocketry and rocket propulsion. The formal goal was development of a sounding rocket.

Malina and 5 associates (including Jack Parsons) became known at Caltech as the "suicide squad" because of their experiments (and failures) when testing rocket motor designs.

Malina's group was forced to move their operations away from the main Caltech campus into the more remote the Arroyo Seco. This site and the research Malina was conducting would later become the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Malina served as the first Director of JPL.

In 1942, von Kármán, Malina and three other students started the Aerojet Corporation.

By late 1945, Malina's rockets had outgrown the facility at Arroyo Seco, and his tests were moved to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Here, the project's Wac Corporal sounding rocket was the first U. S. rocket to break the 50-mile altitude mark, becoming the first sounding rocket to reach space. [The U.S. at the time used a definition of space as beginning at 50 miles altitude, instead what would become the international standard 100 km (62 miles). See Kármán line.]

During 1947, with rocket research in high-gear, Malina's demanding travel and administrative schedule, along with a dislike of so much rocketry research being devoted to weapons systems and not scientific research, caused him to reevaluate his career and leave Aerojet. He joined the fledgling United Nations as secretariat of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under Julian Huxley.

In 1951, Malina became head of UNESCO's division of scientific research. Two years later, Malina left UNESCO to pursue an interest in kinetic art.

In 1967 he founded the Leonardo Journal, an international peer reviewed research journal that featured articles written by artists on their own work, and focused on the interactions between the contemporary arts with the sciences and new technologies. The Leonardo Journal is still published as of 2006 as a project of Leonardo/The International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, an organisation devoted to promoting connections between the arts, sciences and technology.

Frank Malina died in 1981 in Boulogne Billancourt near Paris, France. His widow Marjorie Duckworth Malina died in 2006. Their sons Roger and Alan Malina live and work in France and Portugal respectively.

See also

* GALCIT
* Leonardo Journal

References and notes

External links

*
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050305223709/http://www.olats.org/pionniers/malina/arts/monographUS.shtml Extensive Biography]
* [http://www.leonardo.info/isast/frankstory.html Frank Malina Timeline]
* [http://www.leonardo.info Leonardo Journal]
* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/learnmore/lm-malina.php JPL History]
*cite book |author=MG Lord |title=Astro Turf: The Private Life Of Rocket Science |publisher=Walker & Company |location=New York |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-8027-1427-7 |oclc= |doi= Includes a detailed account of Malina's post-JPL life. By a scholar who had access to his FBI file.