Dinosaur Park Formation

Dinosaur Park Formation Stratigraphic range: Late Cretaceous, 76.5–75 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ [1]
Dinosaur Park Formation exposed along the Red Deer River, Dinosaur Provincial Park, in southern Alberta.
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Belly River Group
Underlies	Bearpaw Formation
Overlies	Oldman Formation
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone (lower) Siltstone (upper)
Location
Named for	Dinosaur Provincial Park
Named by	Eberth, D.A. and Hambling, A.P., 1993[2]
Region	Alberta
Country	Canada

The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Judith River Group, a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. It was laid down over a period of time between about 76.5 and 75 million years ago.^[1] The formation is made up of deposits of a high-sinuosity (anastomosing) fluvial system, and is capped by the Lethbridge Coal Beds. The formation is bounded by the Oldman Formation below it and the marine Bearpaw Formation above it (Eberth, 2005).

It is known for the dense concentrations of dinosaur skeletons, both articulated and disarticulated, that are found there. However, other animals such as fish, turtles, and crocodilians are also abundant in the formation. The formation has been named after Dinosaur Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Biostratigraphy

The Dinosaur Park Formation can be divided into at least two distinct faunas. The lower part of the formation is characterized by the abundance of Corythosaurus and Centrosaurus. This group of species is replaced higher in the formation by a different ornithischian fauna characterized by the presence of Lambeosaurus and Styracosaurus. The appearance of several new, rare species of ornithischian at the very top of the formation may indicate that a third distinct fauna had replaced the second during the transition into younger, non-Dinosaur Park sediments, at the same time an inland sea transgresses onto land, but there are fewer remains here. An unnamed pachyrhinosaur, Vagaceratops irvinensis, and Lambeosaurus magnicristatus may be more common in this third fauna.^[3][4]

The timeline below follows a synthesis presented by Arbour et al. 2009 with additional information from Evans et al. 2009

Amphibians (Gardner, 2005)

Albanerpetonidae (extinct, salamander-like amphibians)

• Albanerpeton

Caudata (salamanders)

• Habrosaurus
• Lisserpeton
• Opisthotriton
• Scapherpeton
• unnamed caudatan
• 2 indeterminate caudatans

Salienta (frogs)

• 2 unnamed salientans

Dinosaurs

List of dinosaurs found in the formation:^[1](Currie, 2005)

Ornithischians

(Ryan and Evans, 2005)

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Dyoplosaurus	D. acutosquameus		Lower, 76.5Ma ago[1]
Edmontonia	E. longiceps		Unit 2, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, 71-70.5Ma ago[1]
	E. rugosidens		Lower, 76.5-75.9Ma ago[1]
Euoplocephalus	E. tutus		Entire, 76.5-75Ma ago[1]
Panoplosaurus	P. mirus		Middle, 75.6Ma ago[1]	"Partial skeleton with complete skull, osteoderms, additional isolated teeth, postcranial elements, osteoderms."[5]

Ceratopsians

An unnamed Pachyrhinosaurus-like taxon has been recovered from the formation.

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Discredited taxon Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative data are in small text; crossed out data are discredited.

Ceratopsians reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anchiceratops	A. ornatus				Misidentified, actually a new genus and species[citation needed]
Centrosaurus	C. apertus		Middle, 76.2-75.5Ma ago[1]	"[Fifteen] skulls, several skeletons, all adult; abundant bone-bed material with rare juveniles and subadults."[6]
Chasmosaurus	C. belli		Middle, 76-75.5Ma ago[1]	"[Twelve] skulls, several skeletons."[6]
	C. irvinensis				Reclassified as Vagaceratops irvinensis[7]
	C. russelli		Lower, 76.5-76Ma ago[1]	"[Six] complete or partial skulls."[8]
Leptoceratops	Indeterminate
Monoclonius	M. lowei
Styracosaurus	S. albertensis		Upper, 75.5-75.2Ma ago[1]	"[Two] skulls, [three] skeletons, additional material in bone beds."[6]
Vagaceratops	V. irvinensis		Upper, 75Ma ago[1]	"[Three] skulls, skeleton lacking tail."[8]
"Almond Formation" ceratopsid	Unnamed		Upper Unit 1, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, 72.2-71Ma ago[1]		Misidentified as Anchiceratops, it is actually a new species, probably the same as a new Pentaceratops-like form from the Almond Formation of Wyoming[citation needed]

Ornithopods

The head of Gryposaurus notabilis.

At least one indeterminate hypsilophodont specimenhas been recovered from the formation.

In 2001 Darren H. Tanke and M. K. Brett-Surman reviewed and described eggshell and hatchling material from the Dinosaur Park Formation.^[9] Eggshell is rare in the Park, being present in only two microfossil sites, both of which are predominated by the preserved shells of invertebrate life.^[9] The survival of hadrosaur eggshell fragments in the presence of these invertebrate shells may be result of calcium in the invertebrate shells buffering contemporary acidic water which would have dissolved them.^[9] The hadrosaur eggshell fragments "show little to no stream abrasion" suggesting that the material did not originate far from their final burial place in the Park.^[9] The authors felt that their newly reported material corroborated the then-recent suggestion that hadrosaurs did not nest exclusively in upland areas, but also areas of lower elevation.^[9] Some recovered hadrosaur fossils might actually be from embryos.^[10] Hatchling and nestling-sized hadrosaur remains had been falsely considered rare in Dinosaur Park Formation due to bias on the part of collectors seeking larger specimens and sometimes not recognizing what was encountered.^[10] Hadrosaurs had been speculated to be upland breeders due to the lack of preserved egg and hatchling material.^[10] However young hadrosaur remains had been previously reported from lowland deposits.^[10]

Life restoration of Parasaurolophus walkeri.

Darren Tanke observed that an experienced collector could actually discover multiple juvenile hadrosaur specimens a day.^[10] During the 1992 field season a concerted effort was undertaken by the Royal Tyrell Museum to recover the remains of young hadrosaurs.^[10] The researchers describe the acquisition that season of 43 specimens as being a success.^[10] Most of the recovered fossils were of dentaries missing their teeth, bones from limbs and feet, as well as vertebral centra.^[10] The material showed little or none of the abrasion that would have resulted from transport, meaning the fossils were buried near their point of origin.^[10] The researchers conclude that this meant that hadrosaurs were nesting in the lowlands of the area represented by the strata containing the fossils and that previous workers hypotheses of lowland hadrosaur breeding were "confirmed."^[10] Most of the shells from the microfossil site are from pisidiid clams, but rarely unionid clams and gastropods are found.^[11] It was the slow dissolution of these shells releasing calcium carbonate into the water that raised the water's pH high enough to prevent the eggshells from dissolving.^[11]

Life restoration of a Prosaurolophus maximus head.

No fragment's greatest dimension exceeds one cm.^[11] The eggshells' surface has a pebbly texture.^[11] The eggshell is similar to the eggshells from the Two Medicine and Judith River Formations in Montana.^[11] Dinosaur Provincial Park eggshell is similar to eggshell from the Devil's Coulee in southern Alberta.^[11] Most hadrosaur neonate bones are incomplete due to their small size and vulnerability to the high erosion rates in the Dinosaur Provincial Park.^[12] Dentaries are common hadrosaur neonate fossils.^[12] Most specimens don't preserve all of the tooth replacement gooves.^[12] Most preserve "only about [ten] tooth files."^[12] No neural arches are represented among the vertebrae fossils.^[13] Although some limb bones show signs of transport wear, the distances traveled before burial were probably not far as such small bones would be unlikely to survive the great diversity of scavengers and acidic water conditions.^[14] Bonebeds 23, 28, 47, and 50 yielded "unusually high" numbers of young hadrosaur remains.^[15] Certain outcrops of bonebed 50 are "particularly rich," producing around a dozen such fossils a year.^[15] Dinosaur eggshell is lacking from the bone beds producing the hadrosaur juvenile bones.^[15] Tanke concluded that the abundance of bone in these locations is not due to collecting biases or intensity.^[15]

The authors concluded that hadrosaurs nested in both upland or lowland area, although described factors influencing the division of breeding locations as unknown.^[16] They suggested that "diet, soil conditions, habits, [and] competition" between dinosaur genera might have played roles.^[16] Some of the less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park like Parasaurolophus may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region.^[16] They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed.^[16]

Ornithopods reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Corythosaurus	C. casuarius		Lower-Middle, 76.5-75.5Ma ago[1]	"Approximately [ten] articulated skulls and associated postcrania, [ten to fifteen] articulated skulls, isolated skull elements, juvenile to adult."[17]		Corythosaurus Life restoration of Lambeosaurus
Gryposaurus	G. incurvimanus		Middle, 76-75.5Ma ago[1]	"Single fully articulated skull and skeleton."[18]
	G. notabilis		Lower, 76.2-76Ma ago[1]	"Approximately [ten] complete skulls, [twelve] fragmentary skulls, associated postcrania."[18]
Lambeosaurus	L. lambei		Upper, 75.5-75Ma ago[1]	"Approximately [seven] articulated skulls with associated postcrania, [possibly ten] articulated skulls, isolated skull elements, juvenile to adult."[19]
	L. magnicristatus		Upper/Bearpaw Formation, 74.8Ma ago[1]	"[Two] complete skulls, [one[ with associated, articulated postcrania."[19]
Parasaurolophus	P. walkeri		Lower, 76.5-75.3Ma ago[4]	"Complete skull and postcranial skeleton."[19]
Prosaurolophus	P. maximus			"[Twenty to twenty-five] individuals, including at least [seven] articulated skulls and associated postcrania."[18]

Pachycephalosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Hanssuesia	H. sternbergi
Gravitholus	G. albertae			"Frontoparietal dome."[20]
Ornatotholus	O. browni			"Frontoparietal dome."[20]	(?juvenile Stegoceras)
Stegoceras	S. breve				(?Prenocephale)
	S. validum

Theropods

In the Dinosaur Park Formation, small theropods are rare due to the tendency of their thin-walled bones to be broken or poorly preserved.^[21] Small bones of small theropods that were preyed upon by larger ones may have been swallowed whole and digested.^[22] In this context, the discovery of a small theropod dinosaur with preserved tooth marks was especially valuable.^[21] Possible indeterminate avimimid and therizinosaurid remains are known from the formation.

Ornithomimids

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Discredited taxon Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative data are in small text; crossed out data are discredited.

Ornithomimids reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Dromiceiomimus	D. brevitertius				Junior synonym of Ornithomimus edmontonicus	Ornithomimus edmontonicus
	D. samuelli				Junior synonym of Ornithomimus edmontonicus
Ornithomimus	O. altus				Reclassified as Struthiomimus altus
	O. edmontonicus				An ornithomimid
	O. elegans				Reclassified as Chirostenotes elegans
	O. samuelli				Junior synonym of O. edmontonicus
Struthiomimus	S. altus			type specimen	An ornithomimid
	S. samuelli				Junior synonym of Ornithomimus edmontonicus

Oviraptorosaurs

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Discredited taxon Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative data are in small text; crossed out data are discredited.

Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Caenagnathus	C. collinsi				Junior synonym of Chirostenotes pergracilis	Chirostenotes
Chirostenotes	C. elegans			Several fragmentary specimens, type specimen	Caenagnathids
	C. pergracilis			Several fragmentary specimens, type specimen
Elmisaurus	E. elegans				Reclassified as Chirostenotes elegans
Macrophalangia	M. canadensis				Junior synonym of Chirostenotes pergracilis
	M. elegans				Reclassified as Chirostenotes elegans

Paravians

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Discredited taxon Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative data are in small text; crossed out data are discredited.

Paravians reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Baptornis	Indeterminate				A possible hesperornithine bird	Dromaeosaurus Hesperonychus Saurornitholestes
Cimolopteryx	Indeterminate			Partial coracoid	A possible charadriiform bird
Dromaeosaurus	D. albertensis			Several specimens and teeth, type specimen	A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Judith River, Mesaverde, and Prince Creek Formations
Hesperonychus	H. elizabethae			Hip bones and partial toes and claws, type specimen	A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Oldman Formation
Palintropus	Unnamed			Partial shoulder girdles	A possible galliform bird, also found in the Foremost Formation
Paronychodon	P. lacustris			Teeth	An indeterminate maniraptoran, also found in the Judith River, Milk River, Frenchman, Horseshoe Canyon, Scollard, and Lance and Kirtland Formations
Richardoestesia	R. gilmorei			Teeth, type specimen	A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Horseshoe Canyon, Judith River and Aguja Formations.
Saurornitholestes	S. langstoni			Incomplete skeleton and teeth, type specimen. A dentary referred to Saurornitholestes was discovered that preserved tooth marks left by a young tyrannosaur.[23]	A dromaeosaurid
Stenonychosaurus	S. inequalis				Junior synonym of Troodon inequalis
Troodon	T. formosus			Partial skeletons	A troodontid, also found in the Oldman, Judith River, Lance, and Two Medicine Formations
	T. inequalis			Nearly complete skeleton, type specimen	A troodontid

Tyrannosaurs

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Discredited taxon Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative data are in small text; crossed out data are discredited.

Tyrannosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albertosaurus	A. libratus				Reclassified as Gorgosaurus libratus	Daspletosaurus Gorgosaurus
	A. sternbergi				Junior synonym of Gorgosaurus libratus
Daspletosaurus	Unnamed species		Middle-Upper, 75.6-75Ma ago[1]	Several specimens	A tryannosaurid, also present in the Bearpaw Formation
Deinodon	D. libratus				Reclassified as Gorgosaurus libratus
	D. sternbergi				Junior synonym of Gorgosaurus libratus
Gorgosaurus	G. libratus		Lower-Middle, 76.6-75.1Ma ago[1]	Numerous specimens, type specimen	A tyrannosaurid, also present in the Judith River and Oldman Formations
	G. sternbergi				Junior synonym of G. libratus

Fish

Chondrichthyans (Neuman and Brinkman, 2005)

• Hybodus (a shark)
• Myledaphus (a ray)
• indeterminate orectolobid

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons) (Neuman and Brinkman, 2005)

• unnamed sturgeon
• unnamed paddlefish

Holostean fish (Neuman and Brinkman, 2005)

• Belonostomus
• Lepisosteus (the gar)
• unnamed bowfin
• at least 2 other holosteans

Teleost fish (Neuman and Brinkman, 2005)

• Patatarpon (an elopomorph, like the tarpon)
• Cretophareodus (an osteoglossomorph)
• Coriops
• Estesesox
• Oldmanesox
• Paralbula (including Phyllodus)
• at least 8 other teleosts

Invertebrates (Johnston and Hendy, 2005)

Freshwater bivalves

• Fusconaia
• Lampsilis
• Sphaerium (2 species)

Freshwater gastropods

• Campeloma (2 species)
• Elimia
• Goniobasis (3 species)
• Hydrobia
• Lioplacodes (2 species)

Mammals (Fox, 2005)

Multituberculata

• Cimexomys sp.
• Cimolodon spp.
• Cimolomys clarki
• Meniscoessus major
• Mesodma primaeva
• unnamed multituberculates

Marsupials

• Alphadon halleyi
• Eodelphis browni
• E. cutleri
• 5 species of "Pediomys"
• Turgidodon russelli
• T. praesagus

Placentals

• Cimolestes sp. (uncertain taxonomy)
• Gypsonictops lewisi
• Paranyctoides sternbergi

Unknown therians: at least 1 species

Plants

Plant body fossils (Koppelhus, 2005)

• various ferns
• Equisetum (Equisetaceae)

Gymnosperms

• Platyspiroxylon (Cupressaceae)
• Podocarpoxylon (Podocarpaceae)
• Elatocladus (Taxodiaceae)
• Sequoia (Taxodiaceae)
• Sequoiaxylon (Taxodiaceae)
• Taxodioxylon (Taxodiaceae)

Ginkgos

• Baeria
• Ginkgoites

Angiosperms

• Artocarpus (Moraceae)
• Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
• Dombeyopsis (Sterculiaceae)
• Menispermites (Menispermaceae)
• Pistia (Araceae)
• Platanus (Platanaceae)
• Vitis (Vitaceae)
• Trapa (Trapaceae)

Palynomorphs

Palynomorphs are organic-walled microfossils, like spores, pollen, and algae (Braman and Koppelhus, 2005) Unknown producers

• at least 8 species

Fungi

• at least 35 taxa

Chlorophyta (green algae and blue-green algae)

• at least 12 species

Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates, a type of marine algae)

• unassigned cysts

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)

Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)

• at least 5 species

Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

• at least 14 species

Bryophyta (mosses)

• at least 5 species

Lycopodiophyta

Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)

• at least 11 species

Selaginellaceae (small club mosses)

• at least 6 species

Isoetaceae (quillworts)

• at least 1 species

Polypodiophyta

Osmundaceae (cinnamon ferns)

• at least 6 species

Schizaeaceae (climbing ferns)

• at least 20 species

Gleicheniaceae (Gleichenia and allies; coral ferns)

• at least 5 species

Cyatheaceae (Cyathea and allies)

• at least 4 species

Dicksoniaceae (Dicksonia and allies)

• at least 3 species

Polypodiaceae (ferns)

• at least 4 species

Matoniaceae

• at least 1 species

Marsileaceae

• at least 1 species

Pinophyta (gymnosperms)

Cycadaceae (cycads)

• at least 3 species

Caytoniaceae

• at least 1 species

Pinaceae (pines)

• at least 4 species

Cupressaceae (cypresses)

• at least 3 species

Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus and allies)

• at least 4 species

Cheirolepidiaceae

• at least 2 species

Ephedraceae (Mormon teas)

• at least 6 species

Unknown gymnosperms: at least 3 species

Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)

Magnoliopsida (dicots)

Buxaceae (boxwood)

• at least 1 species

Gunneraceae (gunneras)

• at least 1 species

Salicaceae (willows, cottonwood, quaking aspen)

• at least 1 species

Droseraceae (sundews)

• at least 1 species

Olacaceae (tallowwood)

• at least 2 species

Loranthaceae (showy mistletoes)

• at least 1 species

Sapindaceae (soapberry)

• at least 1 species

Aceraceae (maples)

• at least 1 species

Proteaceae (proteas)

• at least 9 species

Compositae (sunflowers)

• at least 1 species

Fagaceae (beeches, oaks, chestnuts)

• at least 2 species

Betulaceae (birches, alders)

• at least 1 species

Ulmaceae (elms)

• at least 1 species

Chenopodiaceae (goosefoots)

• at least 1 species

Liliopsida (monocots)

Liliaceae (lilies)

• at least 6 species

Cyperaceae (sedges)

• at least 1 species

Sparganiaceae (bur-reeds)

• possibly 1 species

Unknown angiosperms: at least 88 species

Other reptiles

Choristoderes

Choristoderes, or champsosaurs, were aquatic reptiles. Small examples looked like lizards, while larger types were superficially similar to crocodilians (Keqin Gao and Brinkman, 2005)

• Champsosaurus (at least 3 species)
• Cteniogenys

Crocodylians (Xiao-Chun Wu, 2005)

• Albertochampsa
• Leidyosuchus
• at least 1 unnamed taxon

Lizards (Caldwell, 2005)

Helodermatids

• Labrodioctes

Necrosaurids

• Parasaniwa

Teiids

• Glyptogenys
• Socognathus

Varanids

• Palaeosaniwa

Xenosaurids

• ?Exostinus

Plesiosaurs (Sato, Eberth, Nicholls, and Manabe, 2005)

• indeterminate elasmosaurids (very long-necked) (more common)
• indeterminate polycotylids (shorter-necked)

Pterosaurs (Godfrey and Currie, 2005)

• Navajodactylus^[24]
• 1 large unnamed azhdarchid (giant, long-necked pterosaur)
• 1 smaller unnamed azhdarchid
• 1 unnamed non-azhdarchid pterosaur

Turtles (Brinkman, 2005)

• Adocus
• "Apalone"
• Aspideretoides (3 species)
• Basilemys
• Boremys
• Judithemys
• Neurankylus
• Plesiobaena
• 2 indeterminate taxa

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

Footnotes

	Earth sciences portal
	Paleontology portal
	Dinosaurs portal

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Arbour, et al. (2009).
2. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units: Dinosaur Park Formation
3. ^ Ryan and Evans (2005).
4. ^ ^{a b} Evans D.C., Bavington R., Campione N.E. (2009). "An unusual hadrosaurid braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation and the biostratigraphy of Parasaurolophus (Ornithischia: Lambeosaurinae) from southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46 (11): 791–800. doi:10.1139/E09-050. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Canadian-Journal-Earth-Sciences/215925510.html. 
5. ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 495.
7. ^ Scott D. Sampson, Mark A. Loewen, Andrew A. Farke, Eric M. Roberts, Catherine A. Forster, Joshua A. Smith, Alan L. Titus (2010). "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism". PLoS ONE 5 (9): e12292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012292. PMC 2929175. PMID 20877459. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012292. 
8. ^ ^{a b} "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Abstract," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 206.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Introduction," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 208.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Eggshell," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 209.
12. ^ ^{a b c d} "Bones," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 209.
13. ^ "Bones," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 211.
14. ^ "Discussion," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Pages 211-212.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} "Discussion," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} "Conclusions," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.
17. ^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.
18. ^ ^{a b c} "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 440.
19. ^ ^{a b c} "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.
20. ^ ^{a b} "Table 21.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.
21. ^ ^{a b} "Introduction," Jacobsen (2001). Page 59.
22. ^ "Discussion," Jacobsen (2001). Page 61.
23. ^ "Abstract," Jacobsen (2001). Page 58.
24. ^ Robert M. Sullivan and Denver W. Fowler (2011). "Navajodactylus boerei, n. gen., n. sp., (Pterosauria, ?Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian) of New Mexico". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 393–404. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/167._Sullivan_and_Fowler__Navajodactylus__COLOR.pdf. 

References

• Arbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; and Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. 
• Braman, D.R., and Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Campanian palynomorphs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 101-130.
• Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Turtles: diversity, paleoecology, and distribution. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 202-220.
• Caldwell, M.W. The squamates: origins, phylogeny, and paleoecology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. ‘’Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed.’’ Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 235-248.
• Currie, P.J. 2005. Theropods, including birds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 367-397.
• Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 648 p.
• Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 54-82.
• Fox, R.C. 2005. Late Cretaceous mammals. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 417-435.
• K. Gao and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Choristoderes from the Park and its vicinity. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 221-234.
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