Call and response

Call and response is a form of "spontaneous verbal and non-verbal interaction between speaker and listener in which all of the statements ('calls') are punctuated by expressions ('responses') from the listener", as stated by Smitherman. [ [http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/0204foster.html CAL: Digests: Using Call-and-Response to Facilitate Language Mastery and Literacy Acquisition Among African American Students] ]

In African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation — in public gatherings, in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression (see call and response in music). It is this tradition that African bondsmen and women have transmitted over the years in various forms of expression — in religious observance; public gatherings; even in children's rhymes; and, most notably, in black music in its multiple forms: gospel, blues, rhythm and blues, jazz and jazz extensions, and hip-hop.Fact|date=May 2008

However, modern anthropologists believe the origins of African-American call and response religious meetings derives from the religious practices of original Scottish settlers to the South, whose Protestant religion influenced African-American culture.

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