Crawford Castle

For other uses, see Crawford Castle (disambiguation).

The ruins of Crawford Castle

Crawford Castle, substantially in ruins, is located on the north bank of the River Clyde, around half a mile north of Crawford, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The ruins stand on an earlier motte and bailey earthwork. The castle was formerly known as Lindsay Tower, after its former owners, the Lindsay family. The strategic location of the castle, at NS954213, guards the approach from England into the upper Clyde Valley.

History

Archaeological excavations to the north-west of the castle have shown that a Roman fort, with a garrison of perhaps 300, existed at this site between 80 AD and 170 AD.^[1]

This site was the administrative center for the Barony of Crawford, at that time the largest and most influential barony in southern Scotland. The Barony was established before 1100 when records of the period show Thorlongus of the Merse as Overlord of Crawford. From this line descended the surname of Crawford as the original occupants of the barony. Crawford Castle was in existence by 1175,^[2] and was probably built as an earthwork castle some time before this by the Crawford family.

The Lindsay family inherited half of the Barony of Crawford, known as Crawford Parish, via a marriage in 1215 to the elder daughter of Sir John Crawford, who died in 1246 without male issue. The Crawford family retained the other half, known as Crawfordjohn Parish, as the Barony had been divided among the Crawford family four generations earlier. Crawford Castle is located in Crawford Parish. From an early date, the Clan Carmichael of Meadowflat acted as hereditary constables of the castle, retaining this post under successive owners.

The castle was occupied by the forces of Edward I of England during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Between Christmas 1296 and the spring of 1297, William Wallace rode with John Graham and forty men to assault the stronghold, then known as Crawford Lindsay. Wallace stormed the castle and took it from the English garrison. Wallace had a personal interest in regaining the castle, as his mother, Margaret Crawford, was a daughter of the Clan Crawford Chief Hugh Crawford, who was then Sheriff of Ayrshire.

In 1398, Robert II granted the title of Earl of Crawford to David Lindsay, who had won great praise on St George’s Day, 23 April 1390 for bravery in a duel with the Englishman Baron Welles on London Bridge after Welles, at a banquet in Edinburgh, and presumably after too much alcohol issued, as Champion of England, the challenge: "Let words have no place; if ye know not the Chivalry and Valiant deeds of Englishmen; appoint me a day and a place where ye list, and ye shall have experience."^[3][4]

At the accession of James IV in 1488 the barony of Crawford was transferred to Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus for supporting his father, James III, against the young prince's rebellion. The Earls of Angus held the castle until 1578, when their estates were forfeited by the young James V. James used Crawford as a hunting lodge until his own death in 1542. His mistress, Elizabeth Carmichael, was the daughter of the hereditary constable.

After 1542 the barony was returned to the Earls of Angus, the keepership of the Carmichaels of Meadowflat coming to an end in 1595. In 1633 the 11th earl was created Marquess of Douglas, and the castle was probably rebuilt after this date. The castle then passed to the Duke of Hamilton, before being sold to Sir George Colebrooke in the 18th century. After a period of use as a farmhouse, the building was abandoned at the end of the 18th century, and much of the stone reused to build the present Crawford Castle Farm. Four stone tablets bearing coats of arms, one with the date 1648, are built into the west and south walls of the Castle Crawford House.^[5]

The ruins

Castle Crawford House, partially built using stone reclaimed from the nearby castle ruins.

The early earthworks of Crawford Castle comprise a motte around 5m high, with a surrounding ditch and a bailey some 45m by 33m to the south-west. On the motte are the remains of a curtain wall, surrounding an enclosure around 20m square. There may have been round towers at the corners of this enclosure, which probably dates to the 16th or early 17th centuries. A range of buildings on the south-west side of the castle were built at around the same time. This tower-like range was of three storeys, plus an attic, with a vaulted basement and projecting chimney-breast. To the south-east, a second range was added later in the 17th century, providing more spacious accommodation with larger windows. Much of the present remains probably date from the 17th century rebuilding by the Marquess of Douglas.

Crawford Castle is specified in a list of monuments published by the Minister of Public Building and Works under the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument and is a Category B Listed Building. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland lists the site as a castle or motte.

Footnotes

1. ^ National Monuments Record of Scotland, Site Reference NS92SE 2[1].
2. ^ National Monuments Record of Scotland, citing G.V. Irving & A. Murray (1864), The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, 3v, Glasgow, 81-82,106-106; The New Statistical Account of Scotland, 15v, Edinburgh, Vol. 6 (Lanark 1845), 331.
3. ^ Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, p.61.
4. ^ Wells, Ronald Ancient Ancestors with Modern Descendants, 7th Ed., pp. 400-409 [2], and 700-709 [3].
5. ^ NMRS Site Number NS92SE 3 [4].

References

• Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, p.61 [5]
• Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
• Crawfurd, G. (1716), Peerage of Scotland, Account of Nobility, George Stewart Publisher, Paisley, Scotland.
• Crawfurd, G. (1782), The History of the Shire of Renfrew, Alexander Weir Publisher, Glasgow, Scotland.
• Lindsay, Maurice The Castles of Scotland, Constable & Co. 1986
• Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
• Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993

• National Monuments Record of Scotland Site Number NS92SE 3 [6]

External links

• Pictures of Crawford Castle
• Clan Crawford Association

Coordinates: 55°28′27″N 3°39′23″W / 55.47430°N 3.65634°W / 55.47430; -3.65634