Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria

Æthelwald Moll was King of Northumbria, the historic petty kingdom of Angles in medieval England, from 759 to 765. He seized power after the murder of Oswulf son of Eadberht; his ancestry and connection to the royal family of Northumbria is unknown. Æthelwald faced at least one rebellion, led by Oswine, perhaps a brother of Oswulf. In 765 a Witenagemot of Northumbrian notables deposed Æthelwald and replaced him with Alhred, a kinsman of his predecessor. After his removal from the throne Æthelwald became a monk, perhaps involuntarily.

Æthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. He is known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king.

Origins

Æthelwald is not recorded in the extant genealogies of Northumbrian kings, perhaps because he was not a descendant of Ida and the Bernician kings. Whether he was a descendant of the Deiran dynasty of Ælle, or simply a member of a powerful noble family, is unknown. [Kirby, pp. 150–151; Yorke, p. 89.]

It is likely that he is to be idenfified with the "patrician" Moll, recorded in the reign of King Eadberht, to whom Eadberht and his brother Ecgbert, Archbishop of York granted the monasteries of Stonegrave, Coxwold, and Donaemuthe, all in modern Yorkshire. These had belonged to Moll's brother, Abbot Forthred. [Kirby, p. 150. The event is known from a letter of Pope Paul I, obtained by Abbot Forthred, which ordered Eadberht and Ecgberht to return the monasteries to Forthred. The location of Donaemuthe is uncertain.]

Reign

On 24 July 759, King Oswulf was murdered by members of his own household. The regicide was "a crime in which Æthelwald may very well have been involved." [Thus Williams, p. 51; see also Kirby, pp. 98 & 150, who states that he is "...very likely to have been associated with those who were responsible...".] Æthelwald was crowned King of Northumbria on 5 August 759.

His reign was not unopposed. The continuator of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" reports the death of a certain Oswine in 761. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Symeon of Durham's "Historia Regum" supply more details, recording that Oswine, "a most noble ætheling", was killed fighting against Æthelwald on 6 August 761 in the Eildon Hills. [Kirby, p. 151, states that Oswine's origins are unknown. Marsden, pp. 232–233, suggests he was a son of Eadberht. The description of Oswine as an ætheling comes from John of Worcester's chronicle.]

Æthelwald was deposed on 30 October 765, apparently by a council of noblemen and prelates held at "Pincanheale", an important site used for two later Northumbrian church councils. According to the Irish "Annals of Tigernach", Æthelwald was tonsured. [Symeon of Durham, p. 448; Kirby, p. 151. "AT", s.a. 764, reports: "Moll rí Saxan clericus eficitur" [Moll, king of the Saxons, was made a monk] .]

He was succeeded as king by Eadberht's son-in-law Alhred.

Descendants

Æthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. [Symeon of Durham, p. 448; Kirby, p. 150.] He is known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king. It is presumed, on onomastic grounds, that the Moll "slain by the urgent command of King Eardwulf" circa 799 was a kinsman of Æthelwald Moll. [Kirby, p.156, Symeon of Durham, p. 461.]

Notes

References

*
* D.P. Kirby, "The Earliest English Kings." London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445691-3
* John Marsden, "Northanhymbre Saga: The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria." London: Cathie, 1992. ISBN 1-85626-055-0
*
* Ann Williams, "Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066." Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0-333-56798-6
* Barbara Yorke, "Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England." London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8

External links

* [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=3752 Æthelwald Moll] and [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=9759 Moll] at the Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England