Scleroderris canker

Taxobox | name = Scleroderris canker
regnum = Fungi
divisio = Ascomycota
classis = Discomycetes
ordo = Helotiales
familia = Helotiaceae
genus = "Gremmeniella"
species = "G. abietina"
binomial = "Gremmeniella abietina"
binomial_authority = (Lagerberg) Morelet
synonyms = "Ascocalyx abietina" (Lagerberg)
"Scleroderris lagerbergii" (Lagerberg)
"Lagerbergia abietina"

Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name) [http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/fungi/Gremmeniella_abietina/GREMAB_ds.pdf Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests - Gremmeniella abietina] ] , "Gremmeniella abietina", is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree. [ [http://kaldadarnes.fsu.is/vefir/ornosk/forestspro/ludvika/problems.html Problems with growing [Forest] in Iceland and Sweden] ] In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.

Geographical distribution

The European strain is present throughout all of Europe, including the European part of Russia [http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/fungi/Gremmeniella_abietina/GREMAB_ds.pdf Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests - Gremmeniella abietina] ] . The American strain limits itself to north of 44°N. [ [http://www.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/treedisease/scleroderris_canker_e.html Scleroderris canker] from Canadian Forest Service]

Cause and symptoms

There are two strains of the fungus in existence, the North American and European. The latter is more virulent, capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time, whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem. [ [http://www.cfl.scf.rncan.gc.ca/collections-cfl/fichemaladie_e.asp?id=7 Scleroderris canker European strain] from Canadian Forest Service] Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters, as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as -5°C [ [http://www.emg.umu.se/EMG/myconet/svampk2/pdf-files/2002-5ABMS.pdf Några skadesvampars hot mot vår svenska tall] from Umeå University]

Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and, more evidently, the falling off the needles in the wrong season. A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous, as the fungus survives on the pine cones, killing any new seedlings within two years.

Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet, due to the active temperature. Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem, and ascospores are released from November to July. [Gremmen, J. (1968) [Contribution to the biology of Brunchorstia pinea, cause of shoot dieback in Austrian and Corsican pine] . Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift 40, 221-231. ]

Control

Chemical

The fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries. However, it is ineffective in adult populations. [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/scleroderris/scleroderris.htm Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture]

Resistance

Resistant species of Jack pine have been observed in Ontario. [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/scleroderris/scleroderris.htm Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture]

Regulatory

It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease. [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/scleroderris/scleroderris.htm Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture]

Main host genera

*Abies
*Picea
*Pinus

Synonyms

*"Lagerbergia abietina (Lagerberg)"
*"Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg)"
*"Scleroderris abietina (Lagerberg)"
*"Scleroderris lagerbergii"

References

External links

* [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/scleroderris/scleroderris.htm Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 130 - Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers]