Information foraging

Information foraging

Information foraging is a theory that applies the ideas from optimal foraging theory to understand how human users search for information. The theory is based on the assumption that, when searching for information, humans use "built-in" foraging mechanisms that evolved to help our animal ancestors find food. Importantly, better understanding of human search behaviour can improve the usability of websites or any other user interface layout.

History of the theory

In 1970s a theory was developed by anthropologists and ecologists to explain animal foraging strategies. It suggested that animals constantly consider the available food and the cost of obtaining it. This determined whether the animal would decide to stay for a while or move on to the next food patch.

In the early 1990s, Peter Pirolli and Stuart Card from PARC noticed the similarities between users' information searching patterns and animal food foraging strategies. Working together with psychologists to analyse users' actions and the information landscape that they navigated (links, descriptions, and other data), they showed that information seekers use the same strategies as food foragers.

Details of the theory

"Informavores" constantly make decisions on what kind of information to look for, whether to stay at the current site to try to find additional information or whether they should move on to another site, which path or link to follow to the next information site, and when to finally stop the search. Although human cognition is not a result of evolutionary pressure to improve Web use, survival-related traits to respond quickly on partial information and reduce energy expenditures force them to optimise their searching behaviour and, simultaneously, to minimize the thinking required.

Information scent

The most important concept in the information foraging theory is "information scent" [ [http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040802.html Deceivingly Strong Information Scent Costs Sales (Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox) ] ] . As animals rely on scents to indicate the chances of finding prey in current area and guide them to other promising patches, so do humans rely on various cues in the information environment to get similar answers. Human users estimate how much useful information they are likely to get on a given path, and after seeking information compare the actual outcome with their predictions. When the information scent stops getting stronger (i.e., when users no longer expect to find useful additional information), the users move to a different information source.

Information snacking

Some tendencies in the behaviour of web users are easily understood from the information foraging theory standpoint. On the Web, each site is a patch and information is the prey. Leaving a site is easy, but finding good sites has not always been as easy. Advanced search engines have changed this fact by reliably providing relevant links, altering the foraging strategies of the users. When users expect that sites with lots of information are easy to find, they have less incentive to stay in one place. The growing availability of broadband connections may have a similar effect: always-on connections encourage "information snacking," short online visits to get specific answers.

Sources

* [http://useit.com/alertbox/20030630.html Information Foraging: Why Google Makes People Leave Your Site Faster] by Jakob Nielsen, June 30, 2003, "Alertbox".
* [http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2001-05-15-web-usability-research.htm High-tech quest for a user-friendly Web] , June 2, 2002, "USA Today".
* [http://www.wordspy.com/words/informationforaging.asp Word Spy - information foraging] , December 19, 2002.

Notes


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • information foraging — (in.fuhr.may.shuhn FOR.uh.jing) n. Searching for information, especially by using strategies analogous to the food foraging techniques employed by animals. information forager n. information forage v. Example Citation: Information foraging theory …   New words

  • information scent — (in.fuhr.may.shuhn SENT) n. The visual and linguistic cues that enable a searcher to determine whether a source, particularly a Web site, has the information they seek, as well as to navigate to the desired data. Example Citation: In an… …   New words

  • information triage — n. The process of gathering, sorting, and prioritizing information to identify what is relevant or important and to discard everything else. Example Citations: The relative stability of iPad 2 over, or next to, iPad 1, suggests the new computing… …   New words

  • information fatigue syndrome — n. The weariness and stress that result from having to deal with excessive amounts of information. Also: IFS. Example Citation: Psychologist Dr David Lewis, who was involved in preparing the report, suggested that a new phenomenon, information… …   New words

  • information tamer — n. A technical writer who specializes in explaining complex concepts from fields such as science and computing. Example Citation: In the United States, there are now highly paid professionals charged with translating obscure technical language,… …   New words

  • information food chain — n. 1. The progression of data from bits (raw data) to information (processed data) to knowledge (assimilated data). 2. A spectrum that covers technological prowess (neophyte to expert), access to information (unwired to wired), or speed of… …   New words

  • Optimal foraging theory — Ants dismember a larger insect. Optimal foraging theory predicts these insects will forage in such a way as to maximize their colony s energy intake per unit time. Optimal foraging theory is an idea in ecology based on the study of foraging… …   Wikipedia

  • Social information processing — According to the introductory set of slides [AAAI, [http://www.isi.edu/ lerman/sss07/ Social Information Processing] , AAAI Spring Symposium, Stanford University, March 2008] for the AAAI Social Information Processing symposium, Social… …   Wikipedia

  • Semantic similarity — or semantic relatedness is a concept whereby a set of documents or terms within term lists are assigned a metric based on the likeness of their meaning / semantic content. Concretely, this can be achieved for instance by defining a topological… …   Wikipedia

  • informavore — (in.FORM.uh.vohr) n. A person who consumes information. Example Citation: Which of these activities occupies more of your time: foraging for food or surfing the Web? Probably the latter. We re all informavores now, hunting down and consuming data …   New words

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”