William S. Graves

Infobox Military Person
name=William S. Graves
lived=1865-1940


caption=General William Sidney Graves
nickname=
placeofbirth=Mount Calm, Texas
placeofdeath=
allegiance=
branch=U.S. Army
serviceyears=1889-1928
rank=Major General
unit=
commands=1st Infantry Division
8th Infantry Division
battles=Spanish-American War
World War I
Russian Civil War
*Siberian Expedition
awards=
relations=
laterwork=Major General William Sidney Graves ( _ru. Уильям Сидней Грейвс) (March 27, 1865 – February 27, 1940). The commander of American forces in Siberia during the Allied Intervention in Russia.

Born in Mount Calm, Texas, Graves attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1889. He served in the Spanish-American War in the Philippines until 1902. He fought at the Battle of Calooca as a company commander during the insurection.

In 1918 he was given command of the 8th Infantry Division and sent to Siberia under direct orders from President Woodrow Wilson. He landed on September 1, 1918. His orders were to remain strictly apolitical amidst a politically turbulent situation, as a result, he found himself constantly at odds with his Allied peers, the State Department, and various Russian groups.

Given some 8,000 soldiers in what was called the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.), he settled on the idea of making sure the Trans-Siberian railroad stayed operational and brought in a number of railroad experts to run the railway. His troops did not intervene in the Russian Civil War despite strong pressure brought on him to help the White army of Admiral Kolchak. Early on, Graves developed a strong distaste for Kolchak and his government.

Graves thought that the British, French, and Japanese forces in Siberia were all following self-serving political ambitions beyond the stated goals of the Allies, which were 1) to protect supplies provided by the powers to their erstwhile Tsarist allies and 2) to provide for the safe conduct of foreign allied troops, primarily Czechs, who were to exit Russia via Vladivostok. Graves believed, correctly, that the British and French were trying to suppress Bolshevik forces (thought by some to be the result of German provocateurs). He also believed (again correctly) that the Japanese had plans to annex parts of Eastern Siberia (the Amur region, east of Lake Baikal). The Japanese deployed an estimated 72,000 soldiers -- some 6 times the authorized troop level of 12,000 set by the Allies.

U.S. forces operated the Trans-Siberian railroad for almost two years, while bandits roamed the Siberian countryside and the political situation turned chaotic. The U.S. military did accomplish its main objective and the entire Czech Legion was evacuated out of Russia via Vladivostok. The last U.S. soldiers left Siberia April 1 1920.

General Graves retired from the army in 1928 and then wrote a book about his time in Siberia.

ources

* [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/5/25/164953.shtml "NewsMax.com"]

References

* Graves, William S.: "America's Siberian Adventure," 1931.
* Kennan, George F.: "The Decision to Intervene"
* [http://secretwar.hhsweb.com/biography.htm Biography of Graves on HHSWeb.com]
* [http://secretwar.hhsweb.com/obituaries.htm Obituaries of Graves from the New York Times and the Herald Tribune]