Battle of Auray

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Auray
partof=the Hundred Years' War


caption=
date=September 29, 1364
place=Auray, France
result=Decisive English victory
combatant1=Breton Montfort faction
English Allies
combatant2=Breton Blois Faction
French Allies
commander1=John de Montfort
commander2=Charles of Blois
strength1=3,500
strength2=4,000
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=1,000The Battle of Auray took place on September 29, 1364 at the French town of Auray. This battle was the decisive confrontation of the Breton War of Succession, a part of the Hundred Years' War.

In the battle, which began as a siege, an Anglo-Breton army, led by Duke John de Montfort and assisted by English forces commanded by Sir John Chandos, opposed a Franco-Breton army led by his archrival Charles of Blois.

Prelude

At the beginning of 1364, after the failure of the negotiations of Évran, Montfort, with the assistance of John Chandos, came to attack Auray, which had been in the hands of Franco-Bretons since 1342. He entered the town of Auray and besieged the castle, which was blockaded by sea by the ships of Nicolas Bouchart and du Croisic.

Without food supplies, the besieged agreed to surrender the place, if help did not arrive before Michaelmas (29 September).

On the 27th, Charles of Blois had arrived east of the abbey of Lanvaux. Bertrand du Guesclin, who commanded the vanguard of the French troops, was in nearby Brandivy.

On the 28th, du Guesclin landed on the left bank of the river, and took up position before the castle. To avoid being caught between the castle and the French Army, Montfort evacuated Auray and took up a position facing the enemy, on the slope of the right bank of the river.

On the 29th, attempts at agreement having failed, Charles of Blois prepared for the attack. His army crossed the river and lined up facing south, considered a bad position by some of his commanders because it was on a marshy plain north of the town and castle. Montfort followed the movement and lined up facing north, in a more dominating position. Rejecting the advice of du Guesclin, Charles of Blois then ordered the attack against Montfort's forces.

Involved forces:

Franco-Breton army of Charles of Blois:

On the left the Count of Auxerre, on the right Du Guesclin, in the center Charles of Blois. A weak reserve was not used. Each division had roughly 1,000 men.

Anglo-Breton army of John of Montfort:

On the right Olivier de Clisson, on the left the Englishman Robert Knolles, in the center Montfort and the Englishman Chandos. A significant reserve, under Hugh Calveley, was also on hand ready to intervene.

The battle

The battle began with a short skirmish between the French arbalesters and the English archers. Then the men-at-arms engaged directly without seeking to maneuver.It was a bloody combat, because all wanted this battle to be decisive and put an end to this long and cruel war.Moreover, orders were given on both sides not to give quarter to captives.

Each Anglo-Breton "corps" was attacked head on, one after the other, but the reserves restored the situation. Then the right wing of the Franco-Breton position was counterattacked and driven back and, not being supported by its own reserves, was folded up towards the center. The left wing then folded in turn, the Count of Auxerre was captured, and the troops of Charles of Blois broke and fled. Charles, having been struck down by a lance, was finished off by an English soldier, obeying orders to show no quarter. Du Guesclin, having broken all his weapons, was obliged to surrender to the English commander Chandos. Du Guesclin was taken into custody and ransomed by Charles V for 100,000 francs.

Consequences

This victory put an end to the war of succession and by the treaty of Guérande, in 1365, the king of France recognized John of Montfort as duke of Brittany. However, as John then paid homage to Charles V of France, rather than to his patron, Edward III of England (who claimed to be King of France), the French cause seems to have won in the end.

References

*Turnbull, Stephen. "The Book of the Medieval Knight." London: Arms and Armour Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85368-715-3