- Alkali manufacture
:"This is a historical article. For current information see
Sodium_hydroxide#Manufacture andChloralkali process ."Alkali manufacture is the process by which analkali is made. Typical alkalis, produced commercially, includesodium hydroxide ,sodium carbonate ,potassium hydroxide andpotassium carbonate .A number of processes have been proposed for the manufacture of alakali from various metals, the most common being the Leblanc and ammonia-soda processes.
The Leblanc Process
:"Main article:
Leblanc process The Leblanc process, which was invented byNicolas Leblanc around 1790, begins with the decomposition ofsodium chloride bysulfuric acid , by which sodium sulfate andhydrochloric acid are produced. The sodium sulfate is afterwards fired withcalcium carbonate andcoal . Sodium carbonate can be extracted from this mixture by washing the mixture with water.Until the rise of the ammonia-soda process, which has better economics, the Leblanc process was used extensively giving the
United Kingdom a lead in alkali production. It should be noted that the UK's production outstripped that of all other producers combined.Fact|date=February 2007, a trend still evident in modern times.Fact|date=February 2007Most of the British alkali works are situated in South Lancashire and the adjoining part of
Cheshire , near the mouth of theTyne and in the West ofScotland .The Ammonia-Soda Process
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Solvay process "Despite improvements made to theLeblanc Process , economics determines that it cannot compete effectively against theammonia-soda process which is now more common.Fact|date=February 2007There are a number of reasons for this:
* The sodium used in the process is practically free.
* The fuel requirement is halved.
* Efficiency improvements have reduced 'waste' in the process to a minimum.The only way in which the Leblanc process could still hold its own was by being turned in the direction of making
caustic soda , to which it lends itself more easily than the ammonia-soda process; but the latter has invaded even this field. One advantage, however, still remained to the Leblanc process. All endeavours to obtain eitherhydrochloric acid or free chlorine in theammonia-soda process have proved commercial failures; all the chlorine of the sodium chloride being ultimately lost in the shape of worthless calcium chloride. The Leblanc process thus remained the sole purveyor of chlorine in its active forms, and in this way the fact is accounted for that, at least in Great Britain, the Leblanc process still furnishes nearly half of all the alkali made, though in other countries its proportional share is much less. The profit made upon the chlorine produced has to make up for the loss on the alkali.The ammonia-soda process was first patented in 1838 by H. G. Dyar and J. Hemming, who carried it out on an experimental scale in
Whitechapel . Many attempts were soon after made in the same direction, both in England and on the continent of Europe, the most remarkable of which was the ingenious combination of apparatus devised by J. J. T. Schloesing and E. Rolland. But a really economical solution of the problem was first definitely found in 1872 byErnest Solvay , as the result of investigations begun about ten years previously. The greater portion of all the soda-ash of commerce is now made by Solvay's apparatus, which alone shall be described in this place, although it should be borne in mind that the principles laid down by Dyar and Hemming have been and are still successfully carried out in a number of factories by an entirely different kind of apparatus.Other processes
*
Castner-Kellner process
*Nelson's process ources
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