Nidwalden

Kanton Nidwalden
—  Canton of Switzerland  —
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 46°56′N 8°4′E / 46.933°N 8.067°E / 46.933; 8.067Coordinates: 46°56′N 8°4′E / 46.933°N 8.067°E / 46.933; 8.067
Capital	Stans
Subdivisions	11 municipalities
Government
– Executive	Regierungsrat (7)
– Legislative	Landrat (60)
Area[1]
– Total	275.9 km2 (106.5 sq mi)
Population (12/2009)[2]
– Total	40,794
– Density	147.9/km2 (383/sq mi)
Highest point	2,901 m (9,518 ft) - Rotstöckli
Lowest point	434 m (1,424 ft) - Lake Lucerne
Joined	1291
Abbreviation	NW
Languages	German
Website	NW.ch
Map of Nidwalden

Nidwalden (German:  Nidwalden (help·info)) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population is 40,287 (in 2007) of which 4,046 (or 10%) are foreigners.^[3] The capital is Stans.

History

The earliest traces of human settlement date to the Neolithic with sites found near Stansstad that are from 4000–3100 BC.^[4] The same sites, near Stansstad, also contain Late Bronze Age (1400–1100 BC) artifacts, with additional Bronze Age sites near Hergiswil and Ennetmoos. A La Tène (500–100 BC) grave for a 10 year old girl has been found in Stans. Based on these finds, it appears that the Nidwalden region has been settled since the 1st millennium BC.^[4]

During the Roman Empire Ob and Nidwalden were inhabited by a Gallo-Roman or Celtic population. While there are few artifacts from the population, many names of the towns, rivers and mountains have either Celtic or Gallo-Roman roots.^[4] By the 8th century the Alemanni entered the valleys of present-day Nidwalden and intermingled. At this time a Roman Catholic church was built in Stans, most likely founded by an Alemanni noble family. The church in Stans would remain until the 10th century when it was replaced by a church in Buochs.^[4]

Initially the land was owned by a number of noble families and abbeys. But by the late 13th century the major powers in Nidwalden had shrunk to three: the Habsburgs, Murbach Abbey and Engelberg Abbey. In 1291 Rudolph of Habsburg bought Obwalden from Murbach Abbey. In response the people of Nidwalden (Obwalden joined shortly before the document was signed, the two halves forming Unterwalden)^[5] joined Uri and Schwyz to form an alliance which is considered the foundation of modern Switzerland.

At the time there was no state, but towards the end of the 14th century early forms of government were established. This included institutionalized assemblies and courts. In the 14th and 15th century the people of Nidwalden joined the people of Obwalden to discuss important matters, but the two cantons were never really one. For example, Obwalden did not participate in the annexation of Bellinzona, Riviera and Blenio areas (today located in the canton of Ticino).

Around 1500 many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers. Many of these soldiers later emigrated. This helped to lessen the pressure of a growing population. A popular destination was Alsace.

Under the Helvetic Republic imposed in 1798 by French Revolutionary troops, Switzerland became a united country. The ideas of the French Revolution were not popular in some parts of the Swiss nation including Nidwalden. The cantons were accustomed to self-government and many resented the limits on the freedom of worship in particular. When rebel forces threatened the Republic, Nidwalden was attacked by French troops on 9 September 1798. The canton's infrastructure was badly damaged and at least 400 people were killed.

After the end of Napoleonic rule in 1814, most of the changes were reverted. Only in 1877 did Nidwalden introduce a new constitution. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997.

Geography

Bannalpsee

Nidwalden is located in the centre of Switzerland. To the north it is bounded by the Lake Lucerne (Vierwaldstättersee), to all other directions by mountain chains (Urner Alps). The area of the canton is 276.1 square kilometers (106.6 sq mi) of which about 40% is inhabited or used for farming.^[6] Forests occupy about one third of the canton with about one quarter being considered unproductive (mountains or glaciers).^[6]

Politics

The cantonal executive (Regierungsrat) is composed of seven members. The local parliament has 60 seats. Nidwalden sends only one deputy to the Swiss Council of States.

Municipalities

There are eleven municipalities: Beckenried, Buochs, Dallenwil, Emmetten, Ennetbürgen, Ennetmoos, Hergiswil, Oberdorf, Stans, Stansstad and Wolfenschiessen. The capital is Stans.

Demographics

The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2009) is 40,794.^[2] As of 2007^[update], the population included 4,046 foreigners, or about 10% of the total population. By gender the canton is nearly evenly split with 50.9% male and 49.1% female.^[3] In 2000, 75.6% of the population was Roman Catholic while 11.9% belong to the Swiss Reformed Church.^[7] The population density in December 2005 was 144.3 persons per km².^[6] Most of the population (as of 2000^[update]) speaks German (92.5%) with a small minority speaking Italian (1.4%) or Serbo-Croatian (1.2%).^[6]

Economy

Up to the 20th century Nidwalden was dominated by agriculture. Cattle and cheese were exported mainly to northern Italy. Around 1500 many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers.

From the middle of the 19th century onwards, trade, industry and tourism gained momentum. Nevertheless, until the middle of the 20th century, agriculture dominated the canton. Today a great number of small and middle-sized businesses dominate the economy. The largest employer is the airplane constructor Pilatus. The small and middle-sized businesses work in a wide range of areas. Many specialize in machine construction, medical equipment, international trade, optics and electronics.

Traditional areas such as forestry and agriculture are still of importance. Agriculture is specialized in cattle and dairy farming. The farms are still run by individual families.

In recent years, Nidwalden is becoming an increasingly popular place to live and work. This is caused by its low taxes, its central location between Zürich and Milan, and its beautiful countryside.

Tourism

Peak of the Stanserhorn showing the restaurant and cable car

Because of its mountainous geography, tourism is important in Nidwalden. The lake and the mountains attract many tourists, both during the winter and the summer. Major resorts include Klewenalp, Stanserhorn (mountain), the region around Bannalp, and Bürgenstock.

Culture

Traditional culture in Nidwalden has been kept alive by many local organizations. There is traditional music, yodeling, dances, theaters and festivals. There are also a number of modern cultural events, such a concerts and galleries.

References

1. ^ Arealstatistik Standard - Kantonsdaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
2. ^ ^{a b} Swiss Federal Statistical Office, MS Excel document – Bilanz der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung nach Kantonen, Bezirken und Gemeinden (German) accessed 25 August 2010
3. ^ ^{a b} Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen" (Microsoft Excel). http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html. Retrieved 5 November 2008. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Ackermann, Hansjacob; Schleifer, Karin; Weber, Emil (March 2007). /Publikation+-+Geschichte+NW+%DCberblick_2008_02.pdf Geschichte Nidwaldens: Ein kurzer Überblick. Staatsarchive Nidwalden. http://www.nw.ch/dl.php/de/20070326132244 /Publikation+-+Geschichte+NW+%DCberblick_2008_02.pdf. Retrieved 1 December 2008.  (German)
5. ^ "Switzerland". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26. 1911. pp. 248. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Origins. Retrieved 21 December 2008. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Regional Statistics for Nidwalden". http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/nidwalden/blank/kennzahlen.html. Retrieved 1 December 2008. 
7. ^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion, nach Kantonen und Städten" (Microsoft Excel). http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html. Retrieved 6 October 2008. 

External links

Media related to Nidwalden at Wikimedia Commons

• Official Site (German)
• Official Statistics