Tarim, Yemen

Tarim [Unicode|tarīm] ( _ar. تريم) is a historic town situated in the Hadhramaut Valley of eastern Yemen. Tarim is widely acknowledged as the theological, juridical, and academic center of the Hadhramaut Valley. An important locus of Islamic learning, it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ("sayyids") anywhere in the world. [Alexandroni, S. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041 No Room at the Inn] . "New Statesman", October 2007] The city is distinguished for producing numerous Islamic scholars, including Imam al-Haddad. Additionally, Tarim is also home to Dar al-Mustafa, a well-known educational institute for the study of traditional Islamic Sciences.

Geography

The Hadhramaut Valley is a large region in southern Yemen spanning approximately 34,708 square miles (90,000 square kilometers). It consists of a narrow, arid coastal plain bounded by the steep escarpment of a broad plateau (averaging 1,370 meters [4,500 feet] ), with a sparse network of deeply sunk wadis (seasonal watercourses). Although the southern edge of Hadhramaut borders the Arabian Sea, Tarim is located about 110 miles (176 kilometers) inland from the coast and 35 kilometers north-east of Seiyun. The region is characterized by rocky plateaus that reach elevations of around 3000 feet (900 m) and are separated by numerous valleys.

Etymology

Speculation abounds concerning Hadhramaut’s etymology. An Islamic theory contends it was named after the final words of Hud, a pre-Islamic prophet, who said the phrase "hadara al-mawt" (Arabic:الموت حضر), meaning "death has come" from /Unicode|ḥaḍara/ (Arabic for "has come") and /maut/ ("death"). Hud’s tomb, located about 45 miles east of Tarim, is an annual pilgrimage site.

Others say Hadhramaut is the "Hazarmaveth" mentioned in Genesis 10:26 and 1 Chronicles 1:20 ("court of death"). Hazarmaveth is the name of a son of Joktan, one of the sons of Shem in the table of the Sons of Noah - i.e. the founders of nearby nations including Sheba, also a son of Joktan. This theory claims that Joktan is Qahtan from whom most Yemenis reputedly descend through Hud. As Southern Arabia is one of the homelands of the South Semitic language subfamily, a Semitic origin for the name is likely. If the name did reflect a biblical- or pre-biblical-era naming convention in the Near East, it would predate both Islam and Greco-Roman civilization.

Pre-Islamic History

Wadi Hadhramaut and its tributaries have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Small mounds of flint chippings - debris from the manufacture of stone tools and weapons - and windblown dust can be found close to canyon walls. Further north and east are lines of Thamudic ‘triliths’ with a few surviving crude inscriptions. On the fringes of the Rub al Khali north of Mahra a seemingly ancient track leads - according to local legend - to the lost city of Ubar. [Ellis, Jim (1997)]

Hadhramaut's early economic importance stemmed from its part in the incense trade. Authorities exploited their position on the overland route from Dhufar through Mahra, Hadhramaut and Shabwa to the Hejaz and Eastern Mediterranean to tax caravans in return for protection. Shabwa was Hadhramaut’s capital for most of the Himyaritic period. The kingdom of Saba had its capital at Marib. The Queen of Sheba (Bilqis) could have come from either Saba, or been the Queen of the Tamim (who currently reside east of Tarim). The Himyaritic civilization flourished from ca. 800 BC to 400 CE, when the incense trade was diverted to the newly opened sea route via Aden and the Red Sea. [Ellis, Jim (1997)]

Early in the 6th century Ethiopians invaded Yemen, encouraged by Byzantium to protect Yemeni Christians from the ruler Najran, a convert to Judaism. The Yemenis opposed Ethiopian rule and sought the Sassanid Persians for assistance. The result was that the Persians took over about 570 CE. The Persians appear to have been in Hadhramaut, but the only clear evidence of their presence is at Husn al Urr, a fort between Tarim and Qabr Hud.

Early Islamic-Period

In 625, Badhan, the Persian Governor of Sana’a accepted Islam and the rest of the country soon followed. Arab historians agree that Tarim was established in the fourth century of Hijra. The citizens of Tarim converted to Islam in the early days of Islam when the delegation of Hadhramaut met the Prophet Muhammad in Medina in the tenth year of Hijra (631). Tarim is often referred to as Al-Siddiqi City, in honor of Abu-Bakr al-Siddiq, the first caliph of Sunni Islam (r. 632-34). Abu Bakr prayed that Allah would increase Tarim’s scholars and water, as its citizens stood with him during the Ridda wars after the Prophet’s death (632-633). A battle occurred in the Al-Nujir fortress in which many of the Prophet’s companions (Sahaba) were injured and taken to Tarim for treatment. Some "sahabi" were martyred and buried in Zambal Cemetery in Tarim. [Ba Udhan, H. [http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=853&p=culture&a=1 Tarim at a Glance] . " Yemen Times", June 2005]

As part of the Great Arab Expansion, Hadhramis formed a major part of the Arab armies that conquered North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. In the mid-8th century, a preacher from Basra called Abdullah bin Yahya arrived in Hadhramaut and established the Ibadhi rite of Islam. By the 10th century conflict had erupted between the Hashid and Bakil, the two dominant tribes in the Northern Highlands. Sheikh al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi (a descendent of Imam al-Hasan) was called from Medina to settle this affair at Sa’da in 893-897. He founded the Zaidi Imamate which reigned until Imam Al-Badr was disposed in 1962. [Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, A short History of the Yemenite Shiites (2005)] In 951 CE, Seyyid Ahmed bin Isa al Mohajir arrived from Iraq with a large number of followers and established the Shafi`i madhab of Sunni Islam, which remains dominant in the region. A "Rabat", or University, was first established in Zabid, in the Tihama, and, later, in Tarim. The latter still functions.

In 1488, the Kathiris, led by Badr Abu Towairaq, invaded Hadhramaut from the High Yemen and established their "dola", first in Tarim and then in Seiyun. The Kathiris employed mercenaries, mainly Yafa’is from the mountains north-east of Aden. About a hundred years after arriving their momentum was lost. The Yafa’is usurped western Hadhramaut and created a separate "dola", based at Al Qatn.

British and the Qu’aiti Dynasty: 1882 - 1967

In 1809, disaster struck Hadhramaut following a Wahhabi invasion. Valuable books and documents from the "Robat" at Tarim were destroyed by fire or by dumping in wells. While the Wahhabi occupation was short-lived, it ravaged the economy. As a result emigration increased, the top destination being Hyderabad (India), where the Nizam employed a considerable army. Here, a Yemeni soldier named Umar bin Awadh al Qu’aiti rose to the rank of Jemadar and amassed a fortune. Umar’s influence enabled him to create the Quaiti dynasty in the late 19th century. Having secured all valuable land excluding the areas around Saiyun and Tarim, the Qu'aitis signed a treaty with the British in 1888, and created a unified sultanate in 1902 that became part of the Aden Protectorate.

Ingrams Peace

Despite establishing a regionally advanced administration, by the 1930s the Qu’aiti Sultan Saleh bin Ghalib (r. 1936-1956) was facing stiff pressure to modernize – a task for which he seriously lacked resources. These demands were largely initiated by returning Yemeni emigrants, such as the al-Kaf Sayyids of Tarim. The al-Kaf family had made fortunes in Singapore and wished to spend some of their wealth improving living conditions at home. Led by Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf bin Sheikh, they built a motor road from Tarim to Shihr - hoping to use it to import goods into Hadhramaut, but were frustrated by opposition from the camel-owning tribes who had a transport monopoly between the coast and interior. [Clarence-Smith, W. [http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/10Clarence-Smith301.pdf "Middle Eastern Entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia"] , University of London]

In February 1937, a peace between the Qu’aiti and Kathiri sultanates, totally unprecedented in the history of that region, was brought about essentially by the efforts of two men: Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf and Harold Ingrams, the first political officer in Hadhramaut. Sayyid Abu Bakr used his personal wealth to finance this peace, which was known universally thereafter as “Ingrams Peace.” This brought some stability, permitting introduction of administrative, educational and development measures. [Smith, R. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=CF6C0E8FE432ED50689AFA43E9B0D849.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=99425 “Ingrams Peace”, Hadramawt, 1937–40. Some Contemporary Documents] "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society" (2002)]

Modern Era: 1967 to Present

In November 1967, the British withdrew from South Yemen in the face of mass riots and an increasingly deadly insurgency. Their arch-enemies, the National Liberation Front, which was dominated by radical Marxists, seized power, and Tarim, with the rest of South Yemen, came under communist rule. The Aden Protectorate became an independent Communist state, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Religion was savagely repressed, Islamic scholars were abducted and killed, women went about uncovered and alcohol was sold in the streets. Hadhramaut, despite being part of the communist-aligned PDRY continued to live to a great extent on remittances from abroad. In 1990, South and North Yemen were unified. The communists were eventually booted out and Tarim swung back toward religious conservatism, though many of those responsible for crimes during the communist years were never brought to justice and live on in the city. [Alexandroni, S. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041 No Room at the Inn] . "New Statesman", October 2007]

Culture

Hadhramaut is considered the most religious part of Yemen; the number of mosques in Tarim alone exceeds the number of mosques in all of Saudi Arabia. It is a province in which the mixture of tribal and Islamic traditions determines the social life of its inhabitants. [Novikov, Evgenii. [http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=23673 The Soviet Roots of Islamic Militancy in Yemen] . Jamestown Foundation: "Terrorism Monitor" Vol. 2, Issue 7 (April 2004)] Apart from urban settlements, Hadhramaut is still tribalised, although tribal bonds are no longer as powerful as they once were. Hadhramis live in densely-built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadhramis harvest crops of wheat, millet, tend date palm and coconut groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau Bedouins tend sheep and goats.

The "Sayyid" aristocracy, descended from Islamic prophet Muhammad, traditionally educated and strict in Islamic observance, are highly respected in both religious and secular affairs. Zaydism is largely confined to the Yemeni mountains, where Hashid and Bakil are the dominant tribes. The rest of Yemen primarily adheres to the Shafi’i school of Islamic jurisprudence. Although Zaydis are Shias and Shafi’is are Sunnis, the practical religious differences are generally minor and each will freely worship in the other’s mosque if their own is not convenient.

Tribal Groups

Nearly all Yemeni tribes are of Himyari origin. Exceptions are mainly of Kindi stock, originating from an invasion from the north in the 6th century. Kindah are credited with the final destruction of Shabwa when they arrived, but they subsequently settled among and intermarried with Himyaris. The incidence of straight rather than curly hair often denotes Kindi blood and some Kindi are bigger physically than most Himyaris. Kindi tribes include the Seiar, Al Doghar (Wadi Hajr), the Ja’ada (Wadi Amd) and one of the sections of the Deyyin (on the plateau south of Amd).

Living among the tribes, but a little different, are the Mashaikh. Unlike the tribes, they did not raid nor were they raided. They also wore a different type of "jambiya", more designed for domestic use than aggression. Al Buraik still supply the bulk of the population of the Shabwa area. Most are settled but some are nomads grazing with the Kurab. Other Mashaikh are dotted around the hills and valleys. The most important are Al Amoodi of Budha, many being successful traders throughout the Middle East.

Most tribesmen and Mashaikh are farmers, those in the mountains and the plateau almost entirely so. Further east or north, however, there is less rainfall and more nomadic people. The Manahil are almost entirely nomadic, except for those absorbed into modern life, and the Hamum and the Mahra are mostly nomadic. On the fringes of the Rub' al Khali, the people continue to graze where they can, although a surprising number of Seiar and Awamr farm on the ill-watered plateau north of the Hadhramaut.

Architecture

Geographically and socially varied, Tarim’s diversity can be traced through the cultural interactions and hybrid architectural fabrics of various regions. Foreign styles and ornamental features entered Yemen as typological and aesthetic changes. In this way Tarimi architectural history represents a dialogue between cultures both within and outside of the modern nation.

Mosques & Libraries

It is estimated that Tarim contains up to 365 "masājid" (mosques); one, the Sirjis mosque, dates back to the seventh century. From the 17th to the 19th century, these mosques played a decisive role on the influence of Islamic scholarship in the area. Tarim’s famous al-Muhdar mosque is crowned by a 46-meter-high mud minaret (150 ft), the highest in Yemen. The minaret was designed by the local poets Abu Bakr bin Shihab and Alawi Al Mash’hūr. Completed in 1914, the al-Muhdar mosque is named in honor of Omar Al-Muhdar, a Muslim leader who lived in the city during the 15th century. [ [http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=897&p=culture&a=1 Tarim...the town of mosques and schools] . "Yemen Times", November 2005]

Tarim also features the massive al-Kaf Library which is attached to the Al-Jame’a Mosque and houses more than 5,000 manuscripts from the region covering religion, the thoughts of the Prophets, Islamic law, Sufism, medicine, astronomy, agriculture, biographies, history, mathematics, philosophy, logic, and the eight volumes of Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī’s "Al-Iklil" (crown). Many go back hundreds of years and often contain vibrantly colored illustration. Between 300 to 400 manuscripts are believed to be unique in the Islamic world, according to the scholar Abd al-Qader Sabban. [Breton, J. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198603/manhattan.in.the.hadramaut.htm Manhattan in the Hadhramaut] . "Saudi Aramco World" (June 1986) pages 22,-27] What distinguishes these manuscripts is that the majority belong to Yemeni authors and editors who resided in the Wadi Hadhramaut area. Nevertheless, there are others that belonged to scholars from Morocco, Khurasan, and other Muslim regions. In 1996, estimates for the annual number of visitors to the Al-Kaf Library exceeded 4,780 individuals. [Ba Udhan, H. [http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=853&p=culture&a=1 Tarim at a Glance] . " Yemen Times", June 2005]

Tarimi Palaces

Tarim is famous for its innumerable palaces - a collection of approximately thirty mansions constructed between the 1870s and 1930s. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Hadhramaut’s merchant families grew rich from trade and investments abroad. The al-Kaf family was considered the most influential. Many members of the family were respected religious scholars. At the same time, they were among the regions first Westernizing elite and contributed to public works projects in the name of modernization. Their palaces remain as testament to both their affluence and the complex identity of the modernizing elite of the colonial period.

Palaces financed by the al-Kafs and other families were executed in the stylistic idioms they encountered in British India and Southeast Asia. Consequently, the palaces include examples of Mughal, British Colonial, Art Nouveau, Deco, Rococo, Neo-Classical, and Modernist styles unparalleled in Yemen. While these foreign decorative styles were incorporated into the Tarimi architectural idiom, traditional Hadhrami construction techniques based on the thousand-year-old traditions of unfired mud brick and lime plasters served as the primary methods for executing these buildings.

Qasr al-‘Ishshah Complex

The complex of ‘Umar bin Shaikh al-Kaf, Qasr al-‘Ishshah is one of the original al-Kaf houses in Tarim. Shaikh al-Kaf built the house on proceeds made in South Asian trade and investment in Singapore’s "Grand Hotel de l'Europe" during the 1930s. [Clarence-Smith, W. [http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/10Clarence-Smith301.pdf Middle Eastern Entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia] , University of London] ‘Ishshah derives from the Arabic root ‘-sh-sh meaning to nest, take root, or establish. Qasr al-‘Ishshah is a collection of several buildings constructed over a forty year period. The first building, known as Dar Dawil, was constructed during the 1890s. As Umar’s family grew, so did the size of the complex.

Qasr al-‘Ishshah exhibits some of the finest examples of lime plaster decoration ("malas") in Tarim. The decorative program of the exterior south façade finds its antecedents in Mughal royal architecture, as well as the colonial forms of the Near East, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Interior stucco decoration differs from room to room, including Art Nouveau, Rococo, Neo-Classical and combinations of the three. [Myntii 1999] The ornamentation often incorporates pilasters along the walls framing openings, built-in cabinetry with skilled wood carvings, elaborate column capitals, decorated ceilings, niches and kerosene lamp holders, as well as complex color schemes.

From 1970 to 1991, Qasr al-‘Ishshah was expropriated by the PDRY and divided up as multi-family housing. The house was recently returned to the al-Kaf family and legal ownership rights are shared amongst many of Shaikh al-Kaf’s descendents. In 1997, the Historical Society for the Preservation of Tarim rented half of the house in order to present the building to the public as a house museum, the only one of its kind in the Hadhramaut. [ [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/tarim/conservation_report_2002.pdf Tarim Conservation Project: Report 2002] . Columbia University]

Climate

Hadhramaut is generally hot and dry. The average annual temperature is about 80°F (26.7°C), although during the summer high temperatures can exceed 100°F (37.8°C). During the winter, the average temperature occasionally falls below 70°F (21.1°C). The average rainfall is approximately 2.9 inches (73 millimeters) per year. A few times throughout the year, however, Hadhramaut experiences heavy rainfall resulting in significant flooding.

Travel

The closest airport to Tarim is located approximately 19 miles (30 kilometers) away, in the city of Seiyun. The only international flights directly to Seiyun originate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and Dubai and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Otherwise, travelers can fly to the capital city of Sana’a. Then one can either take another flight from Sana’a to Seiyun, or travel by bus or car to Tarim from Sana’a. The distance from Sana’a to Tarim is approximately 335 miles (540 kilometers) and driving time ranges from six to eight hours. [ [http://www.daralmustafa.org Dar Al-Mustafa] ]

Education

Rabat Tarim

Rabat Tarim is an educational institution teaching Islamic and Arabic sciences. In 1886, a group of Tarimi notables decided to build a religious institution for foreign and domestic students in Tarim, and accomidate foreign students. Those notables were Mohammed bin Salem Assri, Ahmed bin Omar al-Shatri, Abdul-Qader bin Ahmed al-Haddad, Ahmed bin Abdul-Rahman al-Junēd and Mohammed bin Omar Arfan. Rubat Tarim was inaugurated on October 2, 1887. Supervision was ascribed to the mufti of Hadhramaut, Abdul-Rahman Bin Mohammed Al-Meshhūr. Early teachers in Rubat Tarim were Alwi bin Abdul-Rahman bin Abibakr al-Meshhūr, Hussein bin Mohammed al-Kaf, Ahmed bin Abdullah al-Bekri al-Khateeb, Hassan bin Alwi bin Shihab, Abu Bakr bin Ahmed bin Abdullah al-Bekri al-Khatīb and Mohammed bin Ahmed al-Khatīb. They were delegated to teach when Abdullah bin Omar al-Shatri was appointed upon returning from Mecca, where he had studied for four years. Al-Shatri taught at Rubat Tarim voluntarily until his death in 1942. He was succeeded by his sons (Mohammed, Abu Bakr, Hasan and Salem). In 1979, Rubat Tarim was closed by the PDRY. It reopened after the unification of Yemen in 1991 and continues to function.

According to statistics from 2007, the number of scholars graduating from Rubat Tarim has reached over 13,000. Foreign students currently total about 300, with 1,500 Yemeni students. Many graduates later traveled abroad to propagate Islam and establish religious institutions. Several became authors and publishers in the Tradition, Interpretation of Quran and other branches of religious knowledge. The most famous scholar among them was probably Abdul Rahman Al-Mash’hūr. [Bin Shihab, A. [http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=1114&p=lastpage&a=1 Rubat Tarim: The Spring of Knowledge] . "Yemen Times", December 2007]

Dar al-Mustafa

The eastern section of Tarim offers the Dar al Mustafa for traditional Islamic teaching in Arabic and its satellite campus for intensive Arabic linguistics study at the Badr Language Institute. Shaykh Habib Umar bin Hafiz manages the school and is a renowned Islamic spiritual leader. Dar Al Mustafa has emerged an important center of Islamic learning. In 2007, there were some 250 students from various counties studying at Dar Al Mustafa. Next to Dar Al Mustafa is also Dar Al Zahra, for women. East Tarim has continued to grow as a result of Dar al-Mustafa’s popularity and an influx of students and spiritual leaders relocating to the region with their families. [Christian, Scott (1997)] Another famous institute is the Abu-Muraim Institutes for Quran Memorization, which was established in the sixth century of Hijra.

Notable People from Tarim

*Shaykh Al-Habib Umar bin Muhammad bin Salim bin Hafeez - Dean, Dar Al-Mustafa
*Shaykh Al-Habib Ali Mashhour bin Muhammad bin Salim bin Hafeez: Imam of the Tarim Mosque and Head of Fatwas Council, Tarim, Yemen
*Shaykh Amjad Rasheed: Islamic scholar from Tarim
*Abdullah bin Omar al-Shatiri: Islamic scholar from Tarim. Died in 1942
*Habib Hasan bin Abdullah al-Shatiri: Grand-shaykh of Tarim. Died in 2007.
*Al-Habib Kazim Ja‘far Muhammad al-Saqqaf: Leading scholar and educator from Tarim
*Habib 'Ali Zain Al Abideen al-Jifri: Sayyid scholar of Islam from Tarim
*Abdul Rahman Al-Mash’hoor

Notes

References

*Christian, Scott. [http://askwhat.blogspot.com/2006/01/yemen-introduction-to-tarim-city-of.html Perceptions of Pakistan: Yemen: Introduction to Tarim - City of Scholars] , January 8, 2006
*Hatab, Hasan. [http://www.guidancemedia.com/downloads/articles/fellowship.pdf The Fellowship of Tarim, Yemen] , 2005
*Al-Batati, Saeed. [http://www.alhabibali.org/english/interview_yementimes.pdf Habib Ali Zain al-Abideen al-Jifri Interview] , "Yemen Times", December 18, 2006
*Ellis, Jim. [http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/ellis.htm Hadhramaut and Thereabouts] December 1997
*Conlon, James [http://www.icomos.org/usicomos/Symposium/SYMP05/2005_Symposium_PDFs/Conlon_US-ICOMOS_Symposium.pdf The Virtual Indian Ocean: Expressing the Significance of Tarim, Yemen, through new Media]
*Smith, Rex. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=CF6C0E8FE432ED50689AFA43E9B0D849.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=99425 “Ingrams Peace”, Hadramawt, 1937–40. Some Contemporary Documents] "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society" (2002)
*Alexandroni, Sam. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041 No Room at the Inn] . "New Statesman", October 18, 2007
*Clarence-Smith, William. [http://eh.net/XIIICongress/cd/papers/10Clarence-Smith301.pdf Middle Eastern Entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia] , University of London
*Novikov, Evgenii. [http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=23673 The Soviet Roots of Islamic Militancy in Yemen] . Jamestown Foundation: "Terrorism Monitor" Vol. 2, Issue 7 (April 2004)
*Breton, Jean-Francois. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198603/manhattan.in.the.hadramaut.htm Manhattan in the Hadramaut] . "Saudi Aramco World" (June 1986) pages 22,-27

External links

* [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10385.html The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean,] by Engseng Ho, a professor at Harvard. California World History series. A 500-year history of Hadramawt's diaspora, the most comprehensive account to date.
* [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/tarim/ The Tarim Documentation Project] (Columbia University)
* [http://www.daralmustafa.org Dar Al-Mustafa]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l90pQOfKhEk Video of the History of Tarim]