Johann Heynlin

Johann Heynlin (variously spelled Heynlein, Henelyn, Henlin, Hélin, Hemlin, Hegelin, Steinlin; and translated as Jean à Lapide, Jean La Pierre (Lapierre, De la Pierre), Johannes Lapideus, Johannes de Lapide) (c. 1425 – March 12, 1496) was a German-born scholar, humanist, and theologian who introduced the first printing press to Paris (and France in general) in the late fifteenth century.

Born in Stein am Rhein (from Stein, meaning "stone" in German, are derived his translated Latinized surname "Lapideus" and Gallicized surnames "La Pierre" or "à Lapide"), Heynlin may have been of Swabian origin. On the completion of his academic studies in Germany, presumably at Leipzig and Freiburg, he proceeded to Paris to pursue the study of philosophy and theology. Here he came in contact with the foremost representatives of Realism, who, recognizing Heynlin's abilities and probable future influence, exerted their powers to the utmost to mould his mind after their own and thus make him like themselves a bitter opponent of Nominalism. Their efforts were successful.

In 1464 Heynlin went to the University of Basel and applied for admission to the professorial faculty of arts. The old controversy regarding the nature of Universals had not yet subsided and in the university of Basel Nominalism held sway. Hence in view of this and the maintenance of peace within the institution, the admission of Heynlin to the faculty was not accomplished without a most vigorous opposition.

Once a member of the faculty he hoped to rid it of all Nominalistic tendencies nor was he disappointed in his expectation. In 1465 he became dean of the faculty of arts and in this capacity he revised the university statutes and thus brought about a firmly established curriculum of studies. In 1466 he returned to Paris, obtained the doctorate in theology, was in 1469 elected rector of the university and became professor of theology at the Sorbonne.

Heynlin's printing press

Heynlin's most noteworthy achievement was the establishment of the first printing-press in Paris. Heynlin worked closely with Guillaume Fichet (1433-ca. 1480), another professor at the Sorbonne, who had also come from abroad: from Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières, in Savoy.

Heynlin brought Swiss workmen to install this press in the buildings of the Sorbonne at the end of 1469 or the beginning of 1470: Ulric Gering (Guerinch or Guernich) (1445-1510), Michel Friburger, and Martin Crantz (or Krantz). Ulric Gering may have come from Münster, Friburger from Colmar, and Crantz may have also come from Münster or Strasbourg. Heynlin gave valuable pecuniary aid to their undertakings, especially for the printing of the works of the Church Fathers. King Louis XI granted letters of naturalization to all three workmen in 1475.

Their first publication with this press, and the first book printed in France, was a collection of letters by the fifteenth century grammarian Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparin de Pergame). The "Epistolae Gasparini" (1470) were intended to provide an exemplar for students for the writing of artful and elegant Latin. Their second work was a translation of Sallust (1470-1471), the third the "Orationes" of Bessarion (1471), and the fourth was a translation of Aristotle's "Rhetoric" (1471) by Fichet himself. The number of the works which they published from 1470 to 1472 amounts to some thirty works.

At the end of 1472 or at the beginning of 1473, Heynlin and Fichet left the Sorbonne to settle on Rue Saint-Jacques. Two of their apprentices, Pierre de Kaysere (Petrus Caesaris) and Jean Stoll, established around the same time and on the same street their own competing printing press, with the emblem of the Soufflet-Vert.

Other activities

The German humanist Johann Reuchlin attached himself to Heynlin, whom he followed to the young University of Basel in 1474.

In 1478 he was called to teach theology in the newly founded University of Tübingen, where his learning, eloquence and reputation secured for him the same year the rectorship. The opposition, however, he met from the Nominalists Gabriel Biel, Paul Scriptoris, and others, rendered his service here of short duration. He severed his connexion with the university, proceeded to Baden-Baden and thence to Berne, where he engaged in preaching. Dissatisfied with Berne he returned to Basel, and tired of wandering, he entered in 1487 the Carthusian Monastery of St. Margarethenthal to spend his declining years in prayer and literary work.

Works

*"Compendiosus de arte punctandi dialogus", found in "Orthographia Clarissimi Oratoris Gasparini Bergomensis", 1470.
*"Premonitio circa sermones de conceptione gloriose virginis Marie", found in Meffret, "Sermones de tempore et de sanctis", 1488.
*"Resolutorium dubiorum circa celebrationem missarum occurentium", 1492.
*"Libri artis logicae Porphyrii et Aristotelis c. commento J. (Kommentare zu Werken des Aristoteles, Gilbert de la Porrée, Porphyrios)", 1495.

Further reading

*A. Claudin, "The first Paris press; an account of the books printed for G. Fichet and J. Heynlin in the Sorbonne, 1470-1472" (London: Printed for the Bibliographical Society at the Chiswick Press, 1898).

Sources

*fr icon [http://www.cosmovisions.com/civImprimerieFrance.htm Imago Mundi: La diffusion de l'imprimerie en France]
*de icon [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/j/Johannes_d_la.shtml Johannes de Lapide]
*de icon [http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm3.html Information und Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart]
*en icon [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07318c.htm Johann Heynlin of Stein: Catholic Encyclopedia]
*en icon [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bnf/bnf0004.html Creating French Culture]
*Catholic